Fregean views of referring expressions— according to which such expressions have, not only reference, but also sense— have been subjected to intense criticism over the last few decades. Frege’s view of proper names has been shown to face serious difficulties; but these become even worse if one attempts to defend a Fregean account of demonstratives and indexicals. Consider the word ‘today’ and ask what the sense of any particular utterance of a sentence containing it should be taken to be. If anything can be supposed to be the sense of an utterance of, say, ‘Today is cold’, it would seem to be the same thing from one occasion of utterance to the next, something like the sense of ‘The day on which this utterance is made is cold’. But utterances of ‘Today is cold’ cannot always have the same sense, for the simple reason that different Thoughts can be expressed by different utterances of this sentence, Thoughts which must be different, by Frege’s own lights, since one can coherently take different attitudes towards them.

/pdf/do-demonstratives-have-senses-5b3exefjdw.pdf

Do demonstratives have senses

Customer engagement in online social crowdfunding: The influence of storytelling technique on donation performance

The project investigates aspects of multilingualism on Facebook, in particular code selection/code switching by language users of Iranian descent in a Belgium. The focus is three-fold: (i) the distributional salience of the various languages used, (ii) their functional role in the interactional architecture of social media, (iii) the connections with the construction of a diasporic space characterized by fragmented/dislocated identities.

Multilingualism, Facebook and the Iranian diaspora

Foreign Accent Syndrome, in het Nederlands ook wel het "buitenlandsaccentsyndroom" genoemd, is een motorische spraakstoornis waardoor patienten hun moedertaal gaan spreken met een accent dat buitenlands klinkt in de oren van luisteraars. In dit proefschrift geven we een duidelijke neurolinguistische beschrijving van drie van de subtypes van het syndroom, namelijk neurogene FAS (die ontstaat na schade aan het centrale zenuwstelsel), FAS op ontwikkelingsbasis en psychogene FAS (FAS in associatie met een psychiatrische stoornis). Op basis van onze analyses, kwamen we tot de conclusie dat 1. de "segmentele" (op niveau van het foneem, een klank die de kleinste distinctieve entiteit vormt) en "suprasegmentele" kenmerken (het niveau boven dat van het foneem, heeft bvb. betrekking op intonatie en ritme) niet volstaan voor eenduidige diagnostische differentiatie tussen de verschillende subtypes: andere (neurologische of psychiatrische) symptomen, evenals symptoomaanvang, evolutie en remissie zijn vaak informatiever in dit opzicht. 2. er mogelijk een vierde variant van FAS bestaat! Bij ons corpusonderzoek vonden we dat FAS ook werd beschreven na kaakchirurgie. We besloten om in dit geval te spreken van een organisch-mechanische FAS. 3. de kleine hersenen (het cerebellum) een niet te onderschatten rol spelen in de pathofysiologie van de aandoening. 4. FAS een stoornis van duale aard is, die zowel kenmerken van een planningsstoornis als executieve stoornis in zich draagt. Eerder werd aangehaald dat FAS een opvallend aantal klinische overeenkomsten vertoont met de spraakapraxie (een planningsstoornis waarbij de patient problemen ondervindt bij het plannen van de klanken en klanksequenties) en de atactische dysartrie (een executieve stoornis waarbij de patient problemen heeft met het uitvoeren van de geplande sequenties via de articulatoren). Toch lijkt de spraak van mensen met voorgaande aandoeningen veel ernstiger verstoord te zijn dan in het geval van FAS. Na een vergelijking van de pathofysiologie en de perceptuele fonetische kenmerken van deze aandoeningen hebben we geconcludeerd dat de overeenkomsten in het klinisch beeld op het neurobiologisch vlak gerelateerd kunnen worden aan (functionele of structurele) schade van de zeer belangrijke cortico-thalamische-striatopallidale verbindingen en voornamelijk de motorische cortex, de insula, de basale ganglia en het cerebellum betreffen.

Foreign Accent Syndrome: A Neurolinguistic Analysis

Quotation is ubiquitous in natural language (NL). Recent grammars that take a dialogical view on the formal and semantic properties of NLs (Ginzburg, The interactive stance: meaning for conversation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012; Gregoromichelaki et al. Dialog Discourse 2(1):199–233, 2011; Eshghi et al. Feedback in conversation as incremental semantic update. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2015), Queen Mary University of London, UK April 2015, 261–271, 2015) indicate that quotation mechanisms need to be integrated within the purview of standard grammatical frameworks since such mechanisms are crucially involved in metacommunicative conversational interaction. Accordingly, the account presented in Ginzburg and Cooper (J Logic Lang Inf 23(3):287–311, 2014, GC Eshghi et al. Feedback in conversation as incremental semantic update. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2015), Queen Mary University of London, UK, April 2015, 261–271, 2015).

Quotation in Dialogue

Een fundamentele eigenschap van het menselijk taalvermogen is het kunnen weergeven van wat iemand anders gezegd heeft. De meeste talen, inclusief het Nederlands, maken een onderscheid tussen twee soorten redeweergave: directe rede (Anna zei: "Ik ben blij") en indirecte rede (Anna zei dat ze blij was). In mijn proefschrift onderzoek ik hoe en wanneer kinderen in staat zijn om directe en indirecte rede uit elkaar te houden. Ik heb hiervoor een tablet app ontworpen, waarin kinderen op grond van gesproken zinnetjes als “Olifant zei dat ik de voetbal krijg” moeten bepalen welk dier de voetbal krijgt. De resultaten laten zien dat Nederlandse kinderen vanaf vier jaar de indirecte rede al onder de knie hebben, maar dat zelfs elfjarigen nog worstelen met de directe rede. Dit is verrassend omdat kinderboeken juist relatief veel directe rede bevatten. Om deze paradox op te lossen, hebben we het tablet spel omgebouwd tot een soort interactief plaatjesboek. Het blijkt dat kinderen vanaf zes jaar geen moeite hebben met de directe rede als die gepresenteerd wordt in de context van een verhaal. We concluderen dat kinderen een minder strict onderscheid maken tussen directe en indirete rede dan volwassenen, en hiervoor meer afhankelijk zijn van de context.

Between direct and indirect speech : The acquisition of pronouns in reported speech

This study investigates the processing of deictic pronouns in two types of speech reports, direct speech (Elephant said: “I get the football”) and indirect speech (Elephant said that I get the football). According to Hypothesis 1, pronoun processing in direct speech is more demanding because it requires a perspective shift from the actual to the original speaker. Hypothesis 2 suggests the opposite, based on a previous study that found a positive effect of direct speech on discourse comprehension. In a referent selection task, 116 native speakers of Dutch identified the referents of first-, second- and third-person pronouns in direct and indirect speech. We found higher error rates and longer decision times for pronoun interpretation in direct speech, confirming Hypothesis 1. Furthermore, accuracy depended on the pronoun (most mistakes for he). We discuss how our results can be reconciled with seemingly conflicting evidence that suggests a processing advantage for direct speech.

/pdf/perspective-shift-increases-processing-effort-of-pronouns-a-4c684tziyk.pdf

Perspective shift increases processing effort of pronouns : a comparison between direct and indirect speech

/pdf/how-children-acquire-reported-speech-in-german-and-dutch-a-53anw760lk.pdf

How children acquire reported speech in German and Dutch : a corpus study

The acquisition of figurative meanings

In language comprehension, you is a de se pronoun, which means that its interpretation is guided by a simple de se rule (you = self-ascription by addressee), while the interpretation of other pronouns requires more complicated reasoning. This predicts that you should be easier to process than I or he, especially for children. But not all occurrences of you can be correctly interpreted via self-ascription. We consider two cases where you does not indicate self-ascription: interpretation as an eavesdropper and direct speech. In our experiment, we compare children’s interpretation of the pronouns I, you and he, in both direct and indirect reported speech, and in both addressee and eavesdropping situations. We tested 71 five-year-olds, 63 nine-year-olds, and 52 adults in a referent-selection task and found a clear de se effect for children when directly addressed: they performed better with you than with I/he in indirect speech, but worse with you than with I/he in direct speech. We explain the latter finding in terms of the attraction of the de se interpretation strategy, which leads addressees to automatically self-ascribe you even in a direct speech report.

https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/40920699/When_you_isn_t_you_The_attraction_of_self_ascription_in_children_s_interpretation_of_pronouns_in_reported_speech.pdf

When you isn’t you: The attraction of self-ascription in children’s interpretation of pronouns in reported speech

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