Quantitative Correlation of Physical and Chemical Properties with Chemical Structure: Utility for Prediction

Arylglyoxals in synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.

The selective removal of nitrogen-containing compounds from oil and oil fractions is of interest because of the potential deleterious impact of such compounds on products and processes. Problems caused by nitrogen-containing compounds include gum formation, acid catalyst inhibition and deactivation, acid–base pair-related corrosion, and metal complexation. A brief overview of the classes of nitrogen compounds found in oil is provided. The review of processes to remove nitrogen from oil emphasizes studies that investigated denitrogenation of industrial feedstocks, such as refinery fractions, heavy oils, and bitumens. The main topics covered are hydrotreating, liquid–liquid phase partitioning, solvent deasphalting, adsorption, chemical conversion followed by separation, and microbial conversion. Chemical conversion processes include oxidative denitrogenation, N-alkylation, complexation with metal salts, and conversion in high-temperature water. There are many processes for denitrogenation by separation of t...

Nitrogen Removal from Oil: A Review

Hot compressed water (HCW, here water above 200 °C) owns interesting properties The impact of the unique properties is discussed exemplary for the thermal degradation of tert-butylbenzene and the oxidation of methanol Both reactions have been conducted not only in HCW but also in other high-pressure media and from the comparison the impact of the special properties of HCW can be settled In addition the degradation of glycerol, a model substance for carbohydrates and biomass in HCW was studied This reaction shows a strong dependence on the properties of HCW The examples picture an increased specific impact of HCW with rising polarity of the reactants and intermediates The studies also points to higher importance of microscopic properties for understanding reactions in HCW than assumed in the past

Hot compressed water as reaction medium and reactant. 2. Degradation reactions

Preparative organic synthesis was investigated in aqueous media at temperatures up to 300 °C. Experiments were conducted with a recently disclosed pressurized microwave batch reactor (MBR) or in conventionally heated autoclaves. Thirty-six examples are presented. Among these, methods were developed for a Fischer synthesis, an intramolecular aldol condensation that was scaled up, decarboxylation of indole-2-carboxylic acid, Rupe rearrangement of 1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol, isomerization of carvone to carvacrol, and conversion of phenylacetylene to acetophenone. The applicability of high-temperature water was also demonstrated for biomimetic processes important in food, flavor, and aroma chemistry and for tandem reactions such as formation of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran from allyl phenyl ether. When addition of acid or base was necessary, less agent was usually required for high-temperature processes than for those at and below boiling, and the reactions often proceeded more selectively. In some instances ...

Applications of high-temperature aqueous media for synthetic organic reactions

Aqueous high-temperature chemistry of carbo- and heterocycles. 1. Introduction and reaction of 3-pyridylmethanol, pyridine-3-carboxaldehyde, and pyridine-3-carboxylic acid

Prediction of gas chromatographic response factors by the PLS method

The aquathermolysis reactivity of several nonbasic nitrogen heterocycles was investigated. Pyrrole undergoes extensive polymerization in 1.5 h at 250 ° C in the presence of acid. In water alone for 5 days at 250 ° C pyrrole gives a small amount of the cycloaddition product indole, but not thermal reaction occurred in cyclohexane. 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was denitrogenated in water to the expected 3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one during 5 days at 250 ° C. Indole and methylindoles were stable in water and cyclohexane at 250 ° C, but in aqueous phosphoric acid the major reactions were intermolecular methyl transfers. Also, partial ring opening was observed after 5 days. At 350 ° C, in aqueous phosphoric acid, indole and methylindoles underwent charring and tar formation, with anilines and phenols formed as minor products

Aqueous high-temperature chemistry of carbo- and heterocycles. 19. Pyrroles and indoles

Aqueous high-temperature chemistry of carbo- and heterocycles. 14. Mercaptans and sulfonic acids

Aqueous high-temperature chemistry of carbo- and heterocycles. 5. Monosubstituted benzenes with a two carbon atom side chain oxygenated at the .beta.-position

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