The global energy transition towards a carbon neutral society requires a profound transformation of electricity generation and consumption, as well as of electric power systems. Hydrogen has an important potential to accelerate the process of scaling up clean and renewable energy, however its integration in power systems remains little studied. This paper reviews the current progress and outlook of hydrogen technologies and their application in power systems for hydrogen production, re-electrification and storage. The characteristics of electrolysers and fuel cells are demonstrated with experimental data and the deployments of hydrogen for energy storage, power-to-gas, co- and tri-generation and transportation are investigated using examples from worldwide projects. The current techno-economic status of these technologies and applications is presented, in which cost, efficiency and durability are identified as the main critical aspects. This is also confirmed by the results of a statistical analysis of the literature. Finally, conclusions show that continuous efforts on performance improvements, scale ramp-up, technical prospects and political support are required to enable a cost-competitive hydrogen economy.

Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges

Dihydrogen (H2), commonly named ‘hydrogen’, is increasingly recognised as a clean and reliable energy vector for decarbonisation and defossilisation by various sectors. The global hydrogen demand is projected to increase from 70 million tonnes in 2019 to 120 million tonnes by 2024. Hydrogen development should also meet the seventh goal of ‘affordable and clean energy’ of the United Nations. Here we review hydrogen production and life cycle analysis, hydrogen geological storage and hydrogen utilisation. Hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis, steam methane reforming, methane pyrolysis and coal gasification. We compare the environmental impact of hydrogen production routes by life cycle analysis. Hydrogen is used in power systems, transportation, hydrocarbon and ammonia production, and metallugical industries. Overall, combining electrolysis-generated hydrogen with hydrogen storage in underground porous media such as geological reservoirs and salt caverns is well suited for shifting excess off-peak energy to meet dispatchable on-peak demand.

/pdf/hydrogen-production-storage-utilisation-and-environmental-1ws99oi0mt.pdf

Hydrogen production, storage, utilisation and environmental impacts: a review

The conversion of H2 and CO2 to liquid fuels via Power-to-Liquid (PtL) processes is gaining attention. With their higher energy densities compared to gases, the use of synthetic liquid fuels is particularly interesting in hard-to-abate sectors for which decarbonisation is difficult. However, PtL poses new challenges for the synthesis: away from syngas-based, continuously run, large-scale plants towards more flexible, small-scale concepts with direct CO2-utilisation. This review provides an overview of state of the art synthesis technologies as well as current developments and pilot plants for the most prominent PtL routes for methanol, DME and Fischer–Tropsch-fuels. It should serve as a benchmark for future concepts, guide researchers in their process development and allow a technological evaluation of alternative reactor designs. In the case of power-to-methanol and power-to-FT-fuels, several pilot plants have been realised and the first commercial scale plants are planned or already in operation. In comparison power-to-DME is much less investigated and in an earlier stage of development. For methanol the direct CO2 hydrogenation offers advantages through less by-product formation and lower heat development. However, increased water formation and lower equilibrium conversion necessitate new catalysts and reactor designs. While DME synthesis offers benefits with regards to energy efficiency, operational experience from laboratory tests and pilot plants is still missing. Furthermore, four major process routes for power-to-DME are possible, requiring additional research to determine the optimal concept. In the case of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, catalysts for direct CO2 utilisation are still in an early stage. Consequently, today's Fischer–Tropsch-based PtL requires a shift to syngas, benefiting from advances in co-electrolysis and reverse water-gas shift reactor design.

/pdf/power-to-liquid-via-synthesis-of-methanol-dme-or-fischer-2zgn5u7uhn.pdf

Power-to-liquid via synthesis of methanol, DME or Fischer–Tropsch-fuels: a review

Emerging technologies by hydrogen: A review

Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Capture, Storage and Utilization: Review of Materials, Processes and Technologies

This review gives a worldwide overview on Power-to-Gas projects producing hydrogen or renewable substitute natural gas focusing projects in central Europe. It deepens and completes the content of previous reviews by including hitherto unreviewed projects and by combining project names with details such as plant location. It is based on data from 153 completed, recent and planned projects since 1988 which were evaluated with regards to plant allocation, installed power development, plant size, shares and amounts of hydrogen or substitute natural gas producing examinations and product utilization phases. Cost development for electrolysis and carbon dioxide methanation was analyzed and a projection until 2030 is given with an outlook to 2050. The results show substantial cost reductions for electrolysis as well as for methanation during the recent years and a further price decline to less than 500 euro per kilowatt electric power input for both technologies until 2050 is estimated if cost projection follows the current trend. Most of the projects examined are located in Germany, Denmark, the United States of America and Canada. Following an exponential global trend to increase installed power, today's Power-to-Gas applications are operated at about 39 megawatt. Hydrogen and substitute natural gas were investigated on equal terms concerning the number of projects.

Power-to-Gas: Electrolysis and methanation status review

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Power-to-Gas: Electrolysis and methanation status review