Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patches; and (4) optimal patterns and speed of movements. In this review we discuss each of these categories separately, dealing with both the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions. The review is selective in the sense that we emphasize studies that either develop testable predictions or that attempt to test predictions in a precise quantitative manner. We also discuss what we see to be some of the future developments in the area of optimal foraging theory and how this theory can be related to other areas of biology. Our general conclusion is that the simple models so far formulated are supported are supported reasonably well by available data and that we are optimistic about the value both now and in the future of optimal foraging theory. We argue, however, that these simple models will requre much modification, espicially to deal with situations that either cannot easily be put into one or another of the above four categories or entail currencies more complicated that just energy.

Citation classic - optimal foraging - a selective review of theory and tests

Middle paleolithic symbolism: A review of current evidence and interpretations

This collaborative study addresses questions about variation in behavior within the Middle Paleolithic period of west-central Italy. The findings are directly relevant to the evolutionary “fate” of Neandertals and the appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe. Analyses focus on variation in a number of dimensions of subsistence and technology, including patterns of ungulate procurement, food transport, and tactics of stone tool manufacture and use. All of these dimensions exhibit marked, possibly “vectored” change in the study area between 110,000 and 35,000 years ago. Interpretations of the archeological data are supported by independent studies linking food search, procurement, and transport behaviors to ecological rules affecting all large terrestrial predators. In this way, variation observed in the faunal and lithic data sets can be shown to reflect startling diversity in the responses of Mousterian hominids to the world around them. The data provide important insights into the nature of adaptive “raw material” already in place during the Middle Paleolithic, the foremost conclusion of this study. That this variation in resource exploitation and land use also appears directional is more difficult to evaluate. It could be explained by hominids' adjustments to local changes in coastal habitat as sea level regressed or, alternatively, an evolutionary shift in hominid capabilities. The first interpretation is preferred, on the basis of available evidence, but cannot be advanced as a certain conclusion. This question provides much stimulus for continued research in the study area and other regions, using the methods presented.

Subsistence, Technology, and Adaptive Variation in Middle Paleolithic Italy

Wallertheim revisited: A re-analysis of the fauna from the middle palaeolithic site of Wallertheim (Rheinhessen/Germany)

Discussions of the differences between the Middle and the Upper Paleolithic usually oppose them as if they differed in essence and resort to lists of features apparently disconnected among themselves. This approach may be questioned; in fact, we are dealing with successive stages of a continuous evolutionary process, and we ought to be seeking, on a broader geographical and chrono-cultural basis, a unifying principle of which the features considered diagnostic are implications. That principle may be the search for greater efficiency in the interaction with the environment that in the Paleolithic produced a tendency toward specialization. Thus the Upper Paleolithic would include archaeological manifestations that are demonstrably specialized, and the Middle Paleolithic would be viewed as a stage in which the first steps in that direction can be distinguished. The article discusses the conditions that characterize specialization, its conceptualization, and its archaeological identification. This approach al...

Specialization and the Middle/Upper Paleolithic Transition [and Comments and Reply]

of homosexuality, the Shakers, and adoptive mothers. I would speculate that Egyptian sibling marriage volved in large part from the erroneous belief that full-sibling marriage had been common among royalty and therefore was a prestigious strategy for commoners. I would expect that these marriages were more frequent between siblings separated for some time in the early years of their lives and that those who lived together all their childhood found each other unattractive. However, failure to account for the single exception Hopkins documents does not threaten the validity of the Westermarck hypothesis.

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Specialization and the Middle/Upper Paleolithic Transition [and Comments and Reply]

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