Alkaline organic residues, such as wood ash (WA), deinking paper sludge (DPS), and mixed paper sludge (MPS) could have a significant potential for mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG) when they are used for land application. The DPS was mixed and then granulated with MPS, WA and/or composted DPS to form pellets. A 56-d incubation study was carried out to investigate the effect of alkaline organic residue pellets on: (1) the biological and chemical properties of acidic clayey soil; (2) on carbon dioxide (CO2), on methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) soil emissions. The experimental design included eight different treatments: unfertilized control (Control), fertilized control with mineral nitrogen (controlF), and six pelleted alkaline organic residue amendments (T1–T6) combined with mineral nitrogen fertilizer. The six amendments were: (T1) 100% DPS; (T2) 100% composted [50% poultry manure and 50% T1]; (T3) 50%WA + 50% T1; (T4) 50% WA + 50% T2; (T5) 50%T2 + 30%WA + 20% MPS; (T6) 50% T1 + 30%WA + 20% MPS. The results showed that alkaline residues significantly increased soil pH, the concentration of water-extractable organic carbon, and water-extractable nitrogen. Alkaline treatments had a positive effect on soil microbial activity. The highest mitigation efficiency of cumulative CO2 was obtained with T4, which released 10% less CO2 than other treatments. No significant effect on cumulative CH4 emissions was observed. Total cumulative N2O emissions were reduced by 37% with T5. Our study also showed that organic pellets based on alkaline residues improved the soil properties and can play a role in the mitigation of GHG in acidic clayey soil. Therefore, the co-application of alkaline organic residue pellets with chemical fertilizer might be considered as a sustainable approach in agriculture.

Mitigation of CO2, CH4 and N2O from Acidic Clayey Soil Amended with Fertilizer Pellets Based on Alkaline Organic Residues

En vue d’évaluer l’impact des pratiques agricoles sur les sols, les approches d’expérimentation de longue durée et de simulation à partir  de modèles numériques sont de plus en plus fréquentes. Cependant, dans le contexte des pays du Sud, elles sont souvent difficiles à  mettre en œuvre, faute de moyens. Cette étude avait pour objectif de décrire la diversité des systèmes (SC) de culture rencontrés dans  une petite région d’altitude d’Haïti, afin d’utiliser ces connaissances, pour raisonner dans une deuxième étape, un dispositif d’évaluation  « on-farm » de leurs effets sur les sols. Le concept de système de culture met en avant les interactions fortes existant entre les décisions  techniques que prennent les agriculteurs sur leurs parcelles, aussi bien en termes de successions et associations culturales, de gestion de  leur disponibilité en nutriments et en eau, et de contrôle des bioagresseurs des cultures. Notre étude s’était appuyée sur 78 parcelles  d’agriculteurs sélectionnées avec l’aide de personnes ressources de la région, pour représenter la diversité des unités pédo- bioclimatiques. Chaque parcelle a fait l’objet d’une enquête auprès de son exploitant en vue de décrire ses choix techniques de ces 10  dernières années. On a mis en évidence la coexistence de quatre systèmes de culture (SC) : un système intensif (SI), un système  semiintensif (SSI), un système agroforestier (SA) et un système de pâturage permanent (SSU). Ils étaient répartis suivant le pédoclimat  avec le SI dominant dans le périmètre irrigué, le SSI dans le plateau non irrigué, le SA dans les vallées et le SSU dans les versants. Le  labour n’était absent qu’en SSU. Les indicateurs de ces systèmes étaient facilement accessibles et peuvent être mobilisés en vue de  raisonner un dispositif d’évaluation des performances agro-environnementales des pratiques des agriculteurs et concevoir des  améliorations de gestion. 
  
English title: Legumes, Agroforestry, ploughing and pasture: determinants of the cropping systems diversity in Saint-Raphael, Haiti 
In order to assess  the impact of agricultural practices on soils, long-term experimental and simulation approaches based on numerical models are  becoming increasingly common. However, in the context of Southern countries, they are often difficult to implement due to lack of  financial resources. The objective of this study was to describe the diversity of cropping systems (SC) encountered in a small highland  region of Haiti, in order to use this knowledge to reason, in a second step, an "on-farm" evaluation system of their effects on soils. The concept of cropping systems highlights the strong interactions between the technical decisions that farmers make on their  plots, both in terms of crop succession and associations, management of nutrient and water availability, and control of crop pests. Our  study was based on 78 farmers' plots selected with the help of resource persons in the region, to represent the diversity of soil- bioclimatic units. Each plot was surveyed to describe the technical choices made by the farmer over the last 10 years. Four cropping  systems (SC) were found to coexist: an intensive system (SI), a semi-intensive system (SSI), an agroforestry system (SA) and a permanent  pasture system (SSU). They were distributed according to the pedoclimate, with the SI system dominating in the irrigated perimeter, the  SSI system in the non-irrigated plateau, the SA system in the valleys and the SSU system on the slopes. Plowing was absent only in SSU.  The indicators of these systems were easily accessible and can be used to reason out an evaluation system of the agro-environmental  performance of farmers' practices and to design management improvements.

Légumineuses, Agroforesterie, Labour et Pâturage : les déterminants de la diversité des systèmes de culture à Saint-Raphaël, Haïti

The ecological equilibrium of water reservoirs may differ from that of natural lakes. We questioned this difference by analysing the sediments of a small oligotrophic Alpine lake, whose management was modified for hydroelectric production since 1976. Corne Lake is formed by a shallow depression connected to a deep depression. The hydropower management induced water level fluctuations (+2 m in summer; −8 m in winter) that emptied the shallow depression during the winter months and promoted the erosion of littoral soils and tributary channel sediment and the sedimentation in the deep depression. The sediment of the original lake was a low-density organic mud. The sediment composition varied according to 3 phases, which chronology is debated. During a first phase we measured an increase in the ratio of Diatom/Chrysophycea and bioavailable P, as well as a decrease in the C/N ratio and bulk radiocarbon age of the sediment, suggesting a trophic surge. A second phase was characterised by a high rate of mineral sedimentation, an increase of benthic diatom genera in the deep depression of the lake and acidophilic diatoms in the shallow depression. In the third phase covering the last upper cm of the cores, the sediment tended to return to its initial composition, but the algae community differed from its initial state. We suggest that the management of Alpine lakes as reservoirs induce long-term ecological changes in relation to water level fluctuations and littoral habitats degradation.

Effects of hydropower management on the sediment composition and metabolism of a small Alpine lake

Abstract Maize, Zea mays L., is a crop of high socio-economic value to people worldwide. However, low levels of soil fertility are causing yields to fall and production to plummet. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various types of fertilizer on maize productivity in Burkina Faso. It was conducted at the experimental site of the Boulgou Provincial Department of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Fisheries. A maize variety (SR21) was used and the trial was set up in a completely randomized block design with 5 replications. Each block consists of 6 treatments: T0 or control without input; T1: 200 kg/ha NPK (14 N-23P-14 K) + 150 kg/ha Urea (46 N-0P-0 K); T2: 200 kg/ha NPK (14 N-23P-14 K) + 150 kg/ha Urea (46 N-0P-0 K); T3:200 kg/ha NPK (14 N-18P-18 K) + 150 kg/ha Urea (46 N-0P-0 K); T4: 200 kg/ha NPK (23 N-10P-5 K) + 150 kg/ha Urea (46 N-0P-0 K) and T5: fertile soil organic fertilizer (3 N-4P-2 K + 4CaO-2MgO) at 10 t/ha. The effectiveness of the fertilizers was assessed by observing physiological, agronomic and yield parameters. The results indicate that physiological, agronomic and yield parameters vary significantly depending on the fertiliser formulation ( p &lt; 0.05). Of the different fertilizer formulations used, the highest grain yields (5932.37 kg/ha) and straw (6305 kg/ha) were observed with organic compost fertile soil (T5). Given these results, fertile soil organic compost could be recommended as a reference fertilizer for maize production. The application of this organic fertilizer would allow one to reconcile the intensification of maize production with the sustainable management of agroecosystems. 

pdf/assessing-the-effects-of-fertilizer-formulations-on-the-t8y09gc6ew29.pdf

Assessing the effects of fertilizer formulations on the production of Zea mays L. for sustainable agriculture in Burkina Faso

The use of deinking paper sludge (DPS) as a fertilizer instead of sending it to landfill could play a role in reducing greenhouse gases and improving soil properties. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the changes in the physical (permeability and structural stability), chemical (particularly soil pH), and biological (microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2), microbial biomass soil CO2 emissions) of a calcareous agricultural soil following two successive annual amendments with three treatments (0, 30, and 60 Mg DPS ha−1—control, DPS30, and DPS60, respectively); and (2) to determine whether the addition of N-fertilizer to these treatments (controlF, DPS30F, and DPS60F, respectively) causes changes to soil fertility. The DPS application increased soil organic matter (+0.80%: DPS60 vs. control; and +0.35%: controlF vs. DPS60F), available phosphorus (+23.14 mg kg−1: DPS60 vs. control; and +14.34 mg kg−1: DPS60F vs. controlF), potassium (+0.6 g kg−1: controlF vs. DPS30F), and calcium (+0.28 g kg−1: DPS60 vs. control). The 60 Mg DPS ha−1 rate improved permeability and structural stability, regardless of the presence or absence of N-fertilizer. On the other hand, the 60 Mg DPS ha−1 rate without N-fertilizer lead to a decrease in total mineralization rate and qCO2, thereby indicating a reduction in CO2 emissions. The rate of 60 Mg ha−1 DPS could be effectively used to enhance the permeability and stability (soil restoration) and mitigate CO2 emissions, whereas the 30 Mg ha−1 rate could be used as fertilizer to improve the fertility of calcareous soils.

CO2 Emission and Change in the Fertility Parameters of a Calcareous Soil Following Annual Applications of Deinking Paper Sludge (The Case of Tunisia)

Base de référence mondiale pour les ressources en sols 2014. Système international de classification des sols pour nommer les sols et élaborer des légendes de cartes pédologiques. Mise à jour 2015.

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Base de référence mondiale pour les ressources en sols 2014. Système international de classification des sols pour nommer les sols et élaborer des légendes de cartes pédologiques. Mise à jour 2015.