This paper describes a method for determining the aerodynamic force and torque upon spacecraft in orbits significantly affected by aerodynamic forces. A spacecraft configuration and mission orbit is required for this method to be useful. An aerodynamic force is determined that is useful for both attitude control disturbance torque and orbital mechanics perturbation force modeling. By using finite plate elements, used to approximate the shape of spacecraft in three dimensions, complex shapes can be readily modeled for high-accuracy computations. The net force created on the shape at any attitude can be readily computed along with the disturbance torque if the mass properties of the shape are also known. This model is validated using experimental data for hypersonic molecular beams and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) methods. Examples of spacecraft aerodynamic torque mapping in three dimensions are included for both simple shapes and a hypothesized spacecraft. It is the goal of this paper to show examples of how the magnitude of satellite aerodynamic force and torque can be determined using a finite plate element model and to demonstrate some results using simple shapes.

Aerodynamic disturbance force and torque for spacecraft and simple shapes using finite plate elements — Part II: Aerodynamic force & torque

Certain aspects of the theory of atom-surface interactions are reviewed briefly. Discussion is restricted to some of our present ideas in the theory of elastic scattering (that is, diffraction) and inelastic scattering (that is, phonon scattering) of atoms by controlled solid surfaces. Inelastic scattering leads naturally to the concept of the energy accommodation coefficient, which is also discussed. No attempt is made to cover the important subject of resonant scattering, which is reviewed in these proceedings by Celli, or detailed aspects of energy accommodation, which is reviewed here by Thomas.

Theoretical aspects of atom-surface diffraction, inelastic scattering, amd accommodation coefficients

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Theoretical aspects of atom-surface diffraction, inelastic scattering, amd accommodation coefficients