Anaerobic tests are divided into tests measuring anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity. Anaerobic power tests include force-velocity tests, vertical jump tests, staircase tests, and cycle ergometer tests. The values of maximal anaerobic power obtained with these different protocols are different but generally well correlated. Differences between tests include factors such as whether average power or instantaneous power is measured, active muscle mass is the same in all the protocols, the legs act simultaneously or successively, maximal power is measured at the very beginning of exercise or after several seconds, inertia of the devices and body segments are taken into account. Force-velocity tests have the advantage of enabling the estimation of the force and velocity components of power, which is not possible with tests such as a staircase test, a vertical jump, the Wingate test and other long-duration cycle ergometer protocols. Maximal anaerobic capacity tests are subdivided into maximal oxygen debt test, ergometric tests (all-out tests and constant load tests), measurement of oxygen deficit during a constant load test and measurement of peak blood lactate. The measurement of the maximal oxygen debt is not valid and reliable enough to be used as an anaerobic capacity test. The aerobic metabolism involvement during anaerobic capacity tests, and the ignorance of the mechanical efficiency, limit the validity of the ergometric tests which are only based on the measurement of work. The amount of work performed during the Wingate test depends probably on glycolytic and aerobic power as well as anaerobic capacity. The fatigue index (power decrease) of the all-out tests is not reliable and depends probably on aerobic power as well as the fast-twich fibre percentage. Reliability of the constant load tests has seldom been studied and has been found to be rather low. In theory, the measure of the oxygen deficit during a constant load test is more valid than the other tests but its reliability is unknown. The validity and reliability of postexercise blood lactate as a test of maximal anaerobic capacity are probably not better than that of the current erogmetric tests. The choice of an anaerobic test depends on the aims and subjects of a study and its practicability within a testing session.

Standard Anaerobic Exercise Tests

Fears of rogue states, withdrawal of cold war-era security guarantees, a falling technological threshold, and availability to terrorist organizations ensure that nuclear weapons proliferation remai

The Correlates of Nuclear Proliferation A Quantitative Test

Discussions of core executive operations in Britain have focused on a limited controversy about whether monocratic control is exercised by the premier or whether more collegial decision making persists in Cabinet. An extended typology of institutionalist views is examined, including the prime ministerial clique interpretation, models of ministerial government, segmented decision making, and bureaucratic coordination. This restricted debate reflects normative anxieties about Britain's unbalanced constitution, party-structured legislature and an inadequate rational policy process inside the executive. New directions for core executive research are examined, including the analysis of decisional studies, more disaggregated and differentiated accounts of the core executive, coalition politics in the core executive, and the analysis of leadership influences.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1990.tb00744.x

Core executive studies in britain

Nukespeak is the use of metaphor, euphemism, technical jargon and acronyms to portray nuclear concepts in a “neutral”; or positive way. This essay identifies two nukespeak strategies, domestication and bureaucratization. Nukespeak functions as a potentially dangerous “terministic screen”; for both speakers and audience: The moral and practical implications of nuclear war are ignored or underestimated by nukespeak users, and nuclear policy issues are rendered trivial or less accessible to the general public. Two cases of nukespeak strategy by President Ronald Reagan are examined as illustrations of the implications of nukespeak for the audience: the term “CORRTEX”; as an instance of bureaucratization and the use of domesticated metaphors to describe the purpose of the “Strategic Defense Initiative.”

The rhetoric of nukespeak

One would like on the part of the psychologist a reversal of allegiance so that he [sic] endeavors to bring about a change in people who control the material resources of the world… Mehryar (1984, p 166)

Poverty and Discourse

How nuclear weapons decisions are made

NATO is an alliance of sovereign nations. It was formed, and it is sustained today, as the basis for defending its member states against perceived threats to their security, independence and territorial integrity. Different political interpretations of NATO’s actual role tend to depend upon the perspective of the interpreter. Member governments see it as a defensive alliance for securing peace. The Warsaw Treaty nations see NATO as a threat, part of a hostile encirclement of the socialist commonwealth, and as a bastion of American imperialism.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Studying the Warsaw Treaty Organisation (WTO) is a difficult undertaking. Our knowledge of its functioning depends partly on published Soviet and Eastern European documents and communiques, partly on information picked up by Western journalists who report on its meetings, and partly on information on its military aspects which is reported by Western intelligence sources. One recent Western commentator has noted that ‘…with an alliance such as the Warsaw Pact, whose workings proceed behind a veil of secrecy, the greatest caution, even humility, is necessary1.’

Warsaw Treaty Organisation

In August 1949 the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb, four years later, a thermonuclear device, and in 1957 the world’s first intercontinental ballistic missile. In 1956 the USSR began deploying strategic bombers capable of reaching the United States. Thus during the first post-war decade the Soviet leadership mobilised the scientific and technical forces of a country grievously scarred by war in an effort to break the Western nuclear monopoly. The Soviet nuclear and missile programmes were undertaken with highly centralised forms of management with close involvement of the top Communist Party and government leadership in conditions of the strictest secrecy. Out of this experience emerged a set of institutions, and beliefs, which thereafter underwent only gradual evolution. It was not until the 1970s that a position of broad strategic parity with the USA was attained and there began a process of reassessment of the military role of nuclear weaponry. The top political and military leadership began to stress publicly the unwinnability of nuclear war and disavow the quest for nuclear superiority. According to the new Constitution adopted in 1977, The state ensures the security and defence capability of the country, and supplies the armed forces of the USSR with everything necessary for that purpose’.1 With respect to nuclear weapons, the ‘everything necessary’ appears now to be assessed in terms of the maintenance of a state of parity with the West within a framework of mutual deterrence.2

The Soviet Union

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How nuclear weapons decisions are made

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Warsaw Treaty Organisation

The Soviet Union