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Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity

CHAPTER 4 – Responses of Woody Plants to Flooding

Soil Factors Influencing Formation of Mycorrhizae

The possibility that symptoms of flooding damage in plants are primarily caused by an accumulation of ethylene was investigated using pot-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants.



When plants were flooded to the basal pairs of leaves, ethylene in roots and stems below the water line began to increase. This coincided with the start of hypocotyl hypertrophy and new root formation in hypocotyls, which continued for 14-16 days. There were highly significant correlations between ethylene concentration and number of roots and hypocotyl diameter.



After approximately 4 days of flooding, ethylene concentrations in stems between nodes for the 1st and 3rd basal pairs of leaves started to increase, coinciding with initiation of chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty of the 2nd basal pairs of leaves. Thus, there were correlations between ethylene concentration and chlorophyll breakdown and epinasty. The lower the leaves, the more chlorophyll breakdown among 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th basal pairs of leaves. The longer the flooding, the more severe the flooding damage; and even when returned to normal condition, plants flooded longer than 3 days were not able to recover from flooding damage.



A gas chromatographic study revealed that Ethephon was absorbed by roots and decomposed to ethylene in the plant. Damage symptoms caused by soil application of Ethephon, such as reduced stem height, chlorophyll breakdown, epinasty of the 2nd basal pairs of leaves, and hypocotyl hypertrophy, were almost identical with those caused by soil flooding treatment.



Microscopic studies revealed that radially enlarged cells and increased intercellular spaces in the cortex were the major contribution to the increased hypocotyl diameter in both flooded and Ethephon-treated plants.



It is concluded that the increase in ethylene concentration in flooded plants is largely, although not exclusively, responsible for flooding damage symptoms.

Role of Ethylene in Induction of Flooding Damage in Sunflower

Flood Tolerance and Related Characteristics of Trees of the Bottomland Forests of the Southern United States

Most crop and horticultural plants are seriously injured or even killed if the soil in which they are growing is flooded with water for an extended period of time. It generally is assumed that flooding is equally injurious to most species of forest trees and limits the natural distribution of many species to relatively well drained sites. It is supposed, for example, that pond pine occupies wet sites in the Atlantic Coastal Plain because its roots can survive flooding and the accompanying poor aeration better than the roots of loblolly pine or shortleaf pine. This view was not supported by the results of an experiment by Gaiser (1) who studied the effects of flooding on loblolly pine and pond pine seedlings grown in the greenhouse. The seedlings were planted in 5-quart oil cans filled with sandy soil. Holes were punched in the bottom of the cans and a layer of gravel was placed beneath the soil to facilitate drainage of the soil. Various periods of flooding, alternating with periods during which the soil was drained, were maintained for three months in the spring of 1948. The loblolly pine seedlings appeared to be more resistant to flooding injury than pond pine seedlings, and both species made better growth in soil intermittently flooded for short periods (two days out of nine) than in soil maintained at field capacity or lower. These results were so unexpected that a more extensive experiment was planned to study the effects of flooding.

Effects of flooded soil on growth of pine seedlings.

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Effects of flooded soil on growth of pine seedlings.