The use of medicinal plants in the control of gastrointestinal parasitosis is a promising solution for improving the productivity of sheep flocks. In order to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia forskallii, in vitro bioassays were performed on three life stages of Haemonchus contortus. Five aqueous extracts concentrations namely 10 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL; 2.5 mg/mL; 1.25 mg/mL and 0.62 mg/mL were used for adult worm mortality tests. Egg hatch inhibition and L3 larval migration inhibition tests were studied at 5 mg/mL; 2.5 mg/mL; 1.25 mg/mL; 0.62 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL. A negative control PBS and a positive control levamisole 2.5 mg/mL were established for each test. A phytochemical screening was performed to determine the presence of some secondary metabolites. The results obtained showed the presence of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and condensed tannins within the aqueous extracts of E. forskalii. A high and significant (P < 0.05) morality rate compared to the negative control with an LC50 of 2.30 mg/mL was obtained. Inhibition of egg hatch and larval migration were high and significant (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control. There was an IC50 of 1.03 mg/mL and 0.92 mg/mL respectively for inhibition of egg hatching and L3 larval migration. The present study revealed the in vitro anthelmintic activity of E. forskalii aqueous extracts and allows us to consider in perspective complementary studies to confirm this activity. 

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia forskalii J. Gay aqueous extracts evaluation on different life stages of Haemonchus contortus.

Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a blood-feeding nematode causing infectious disease haemonchosis in small ruminants of tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and phylogeny of H. contortus in small ruminants using the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) gene. In addition, a comprehensive review of the available literature on the status of H. contortus in Pakistan was conducted.Fecal samples were collected from sheep and goats (n = 180). Microscopically positive samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR using species-specific primers.The overall prevalence of H. contortus was 25.55% in small ruminants. The prevalence of H. contortus was significantly associated with months and area. The highest occurrence of haemonchosis was documented in July (38.70%), whereas the lowest occurred in December (11.11%), with significant difference. The prevalence was highest in the Ghamkol camp (29.4%) and lowest in the arid zone of the Small Ruminant Research Institute (17.5%) (p = 0.01). The results of the systematic review revealed the highest prevalence of haemonchosis (34.4%) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (p = 0.001).Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between H. contortus and isolates from Asia (China, India, Iran, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Mongolia) and European countries (Italy and the United Kingdom). It has been concluded that H. contortus is prevalent in small ruminants of Kohat district and all over Pakistan, which could be a potential threat to food-producing animals, farmers, dairy, and the meat industry. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that H. contortus isolates share close phylogenetic relationships with species from Asia and Europe.

Epidemiology and phylogeny of Haemonchus contortus through internal transcribed spacer 2 gene in small ruminants

<title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background</bold> The emergence of benzimidazole resistance among helminths of veterinary and public health importance has been of grave concern. Benzimidazole resistance is caused by mutations (i.e., F167Y, E198A, and F200Y) that occur in the β-tubulin genes of helminths thereby affecting the structure of the expressed protein. This research aims to determine the effects of these canonical resistance-associated mutations on the <italic>in silico</italic> binding of <italic>A. galli</italic> β-tubulin and benzimidazole drug ligands.<bold>Methods</bold> The β-tubulin amino acid sequence of A. galli was retrieved and edited to contain the resistance-associated mutations. These were used to model the tertiary structure of the protein. The in silico docking studies used the modeled proteins with benzimidazole drug ligands (i.e., Fenbendazole, Mebendazole, Oxfendazole, and Albendazole). The binding affinities (kcal/mol) and docking positions were examined.<bold>Results</bold> The results show that resistance-associated mutations caused alterations in the binding interactions between the <italic>A. galli</italic> β-tubulin and benzimidazole drug ligand. The E198A mutation caused slight reductions in binding affinities and changes in the binding positions indicating its potential role in conferring benzimidazole resistance. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that wild-type and mutated <italic>A. galli</italic> β-tubulins share comparable binding behavior with Fenbendazole. The binding free energies show that the E198A mutation caused decreased binding efficacy potentially causing resistance.<bold>Conclusion</bold> The E198A mutation causes weakening of the β-tubulin-benzimidazole interactions indicating its crucial role in conferring resistance in <italic>A. galli.</italic> The emergence of these benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations should be assessed in field isolates as they may negatively affect the efficacy of pharmacological interventions. 

Resistance Mutations Impair Benzimidazole Efficacy Against Ascaridia galli by Altering β-Tubulin Interactions

Indigenous goats are important in the livelihoods of rural households in East African countries. This is due to their ability to produce and reproduce in different environments and climatic conditions. Even though these indigenous goats are important, there is little available information on the genetic characterization of these breeds in Africa and at the international level. This paper reviews the status of indigenous goats, highlighting their production systems, phenotypic and genetic characteristics, and genetic diversity, and proposes potential ways for sustainable improvement and conservation in East African countries. Most households use traditional production systems with various uncharacterized goat breeds and ecotypes, which are hence named after the tribe or locality in which they are found. Most of these goats are classified as small East African breeds, with significant variability in morphological features. Some of the challenges to goat production in this region are indiscriminate crossbreeding, lack of pedigree records, parasites and disease incidences, low-quality pastures, and low levels of management. There is a need for a collaborative approach amongst the actors in goat breeding value chains as well as integrating modern genomic tools into breeding programs to enhance selection. This will ensure the resilience and sustainability of these unique indigenous goat populations in East Africa 

A Review on Indigenous Goats of East Africa: A Case for Conservation and Management

The purpose of the research is to study the fauna of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in the Moscow region. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out from December 2022 to April 2023. The object for the studies was the contents of the digestive tracts of 10 goats from small farms in the Moscow region, which were collected and fixed according to the method of K. I. Skryabin (1928). The species of detected nematodes were identified according to V. M. Ivashkin et al. (1989). A study of fecal samples was carried out, the genus of infective larvae was determined by the method of P. A. Polyakov (1953). Results and discussion. Three species of nematodes were detected: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta according to the results of helminthological necropsies of goats. The highest rate of infection was noted for H. contortus and the highest intensity of infection was noted for T. colubriformis. The nematode T. circumcincta was found only in one of 10 studied goats, in the amount of 13 worms. The larvae of Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Chabertia genera were identified according to their morphology in the examined feces samples in one of the seven farms. Many larvae of the first two genera were found, and Сhabertia larvae were single. The low species diversity noted in this study may be due to the presence of anthelmintic-resistant nematode strains.

The nematode fauna of the digestive tract of goats in the Moscow region

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and molecular identification of beta-tubulin mutations associated with benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in goats from selected districts of Uganda.

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Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and molecular identification of beta-tubulin mutations associated with benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in goats from selected districts of Uganda.