Biomedical image segmentation (BIS) task is challenging due to the variations in organ types, position, shape, size, scale, orientation, and image contrast. Conventional methods lack accurate and automated designs. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based UNet has recently dominated BIS. This is the first review of its kind that microscopically addressed UNet types by complexity, stratification of UNet by its components, addressing UNet in vascular vs. non-vascular framework, the key to segmentation challenge vs. UNet-based architecture, and finally interfacing the three facets of AI, the pruning, the explainable AI (XAI), and the AI-bias. PRISMA was used to select 267 UNet-based studies. Five classes were identified and labeled as conventional UNet, superior UNet, attention-channel UNet, hybrid UNet, and ensemble UNet. We discovered 81 variations of UNet by considering six kinds of components, namely encoder, decoder, skip connection, bridge network, loss function, and their combination. Vascular vs. non-vascular UNet architecture was compared. AP(ai)Bias 2.0-UNet was identified in these UNet classes based on (i) attributes of UNet architecture and its performance, (ii) explainable AI (XAI), and, (iii) pruning (compression). Five bias methods such as (i) ranking, (ii) radial, (iii) regional area, (iv) PROBAST, and (v) ROBINS-I were applied and compared using a Venn diagram. Vascular and non-vascular UNet systems dominated with sUNet classes with attention. Most of the studies suffered from a low interest in XAI and pruning strategies. None of the UNet models qualified to be bias-free. There is a need to move from paper-to-practice paradigms for clinical evaluation and settings. 

UNet Deep Learning Architecture for Segmentation of Vascular and Non-Vascular Images: A Microscopic Look at UNet Components Buffered With Pruning, Explainable Artificial Intelligence, and Bias

Autologous breast reconstruction is composed of diverse techniques and results in a variety of outcome trajectories. We propose employing an unsupervised machine learning method to characterize such heterogeneous patterns in large-scale datasets.A retrospective cohort study of autologous breast reconstruction patients was conducted through the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patient characteristics, intraoperative variables, and occurrences of acute postoperative complications were collected. The cohort was classified into patient subgroups via the K-means clustering algorithm, a similarity-based unsupervised learning approach. The characteristics of each cluster were compared for differences from the complementary sample (p < 2 ×10-4) and validated with a test set.A total of 14,274 female patients were included in the final study cohort. Clustering identified seven optimal subgroups, ordered by increasing rate of postoperative complication. Cluster 1 (2027 patients) featured breast reconstruction with free flaps (50%) and latissimus dorsi flaps (40%). In addition to its low rate of complications (14%, p < 2 ×10-4), its patient population was younger and with lower comorbidities when compared with the whole cohort. In the other extreme, cluster 7 (1112 patients) almost exclusively featured breast reconstruction with free flaps (94%) and possessed the highest rates of unplanned reoperations, readmissions, and dehiscence (p < 2 ×10-4). The reoperation profile of cluster 3 was also significantly different from the general cohort and featured lower proportions of vascular repair procedures (p < 8 ×10-4).This study presents a novel, generalizable application of an unsupervised learning model to organize patient subgroups with associations between comorbidities, modality of breast reconstruction, and postoperative outcomes. 

Applying Unsupervised Machine Learning Approaches to Characterize Autologous Breast Reconstruction Patient Subgroups: A NSQIP Analysis of 14,274 Patients

BACKGROUND
Reducing the annotation burden is an active and meaningful area of artificial intelligence (AI) research.


METHODS
Multiple datasets for the segmentation of two landmarks were constructed based on 41 257 labelled images and 6 different microsurgical scenarios. These datasets were trained using the multi-stage transfer learning (TL) methodology.


RESULTS
The multi-stage TL enhanced segmentation performance over baseline (mIOU 0.6892 vs. 0.8869). Besides, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) achieved a robust performance (mIOU 0.8917 vs. 0.8603) even when the training dataset size was reduced from 90% (30 078 images) to 10% (3342 images). When directly applying the weight from one certain surgical scenario to recognise the same target in images of other scenarios without training, CNNs still obtained an optimal mIOU of 0.6190 ± 0.0789.


CONCLUSIONS
Model performance can be improved with TL in datasets with reduced size and increased complexity. It is feasible for data-based domain adaptation among different microsurgical fields.

Transfer learning for anatomical structure segmentation in otorhinolaryngology microsurgery.

We are increasingly striving to introduce modern artificial intelligence techniques in medicine and elevate medical care, catering to both patients and specialists. An essential aspect that warrants concurrent development is the protection of personal data, especially with technology's advancement, along with addressing data disparities to ensure model efficacy. This study assesses various domain adaptation techniques and federated learning to determine optimal integration strategies for enhanced security and the challenges posed by diverse datasets. Experiments utilized deep learning models, three domain adaptation methods, and a federated learning framework, focusing on mammography imaging for breast cancer detection. Results indicate a notable improvement of up to 20% with domain adaptation and an additional 10% with federated learning integration.

Data Domain Adaptation in Federated Learning in the Breast Mammography Image Classification Problem

Biomedical image segmentation (BIS) task is challenging due to the variations in organ types, position, shape, size, scale, orientation, and image contrast. Conventional methods lack accurate and automated designs. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based UNet has recently dominated BIS. This is the first review of its kind that microscopically addressed UNet types by complexity, stratification of UNet by its components, addressing UNet in vascular vs. non-vascular framework, the key to segmentation challenge vs. UNet-based architecture, and finally interfacing the three facets of AI, the pruning, the explainable AI (XAI), and the AI-bias. PRISMA was used to select 267 UNet-based studies. Five classes were identified and labeled as conventional UNet, superior UNet, attention-channel UNet, hybrid UNet, and ensemble UNet. We discovered 81 variations of UNet by considering six kinds of components, namely encoder, decoder, skip connection, bridge network, loss function, and their combination. Vascular vs. non-vascular UNet architecture was compared. AP(ai)Bias 2.0-UNet was identified in these UNet classes based on (i) attributes of UNet architecture and its performance, (ii) explainable AI (XAI), and, (iii) pruning (compression). Five bias methods such as (i) ranking, (ii) radial, (iii) regional area, (iv) PROBAST, and (v) ROBINS-I were applied and compared using a Venn diagram. Vascular and non-vascular UNet systems dominated with sUNet classes with attention. Most of the studies suffered from a low interest in XAI and pruning strategies. None of the UNet models qualified to be bias-free. There is a need to move from paper-to-practice paradigms for clinical evaluation and settings.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09999432.pdf

Unsupervised domain adaptation for the segmentation of breast tissue in mammography images.

In this paper, we develop a privacy-preserving framework to detect and track pedestrians and project to their real-world coordinates facilitating social distancing detection. The transform is calculated using social distancing markers or floor tiles visible in the camera view, without an extensive calibration process. We select a lightweight detection model to process CCTV videos and perform tracking within-camera. The features collected during within-camera tracking are then used to associate passenger trajectories across multiple cameras. We demonstrate and analyze results qualitatively for both social distancing detection and multi-camera tracking on real-world data captured in a busy airport in Dublin, Ireland.

/pdf/beyond-social-distancing-application-of-real-world-1b6x5wm4.pdf

Beyond Social Distancing: Application of real-world coordinates in a multi-camera system with privacy protection

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Unsupervised domain adaptation for the segmentation of breast tissue in mammography images.

Beyond Social Distancing: Application of real-world coordinates in a multi-camera system with privacy protection