Three-dimensional (3D) organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have emerged in the past few years as a promising material for low-cost, high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. Spurred by this recent interest, several subclasses of halide perovskites such as two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have begun to play a significant role in advancing the fundamental understanding of the structural, chemical, and physical properties of halide perovskites, which are technologically relevant. While the chemistry of these 2D materials is similar to that of the 3D halide perovskites, their layered structure with a hybrid organic-inorganic interface induces new emergent properties that can significantly or sometimes subtly be important. Synergistic properties can be realized in systems that combine different materials exhibiting different dimensionalities by exploiting their intrinsic compatibility. In many cases, the weaknesses of each material can be alleviated in heteroarchitectures. For example, 3D-2D halide perovskites can demonstrate novel behavior that neither material would be capable of separately. This review describes how the structural differences between 3D halide perovskites and 2D halide perovskites give rise to their disparate materials properties, discusses strategies for realizing mixed-dimensional systems of various architectures through solution-processing techniques, and presents a comprehensive outlook for the use of 3D-2D systems in solar cells. Finally, we investigate applications of 3D-2D systems beyond photovoltaics and offer our perspective on mixed-dimensional perovskite systems as semiconductor materials with unrivaled tunability, efficiency, and technologically relevant durability.

Synergy of 3D and 2D Perovskites for Durable, Efficient Solar Cells and Beyond.

Four spiro[fluorene-9,9′-xanthene] (SFX)-based hole transporting materials (HTMs) functionalized with four-armed arylamine moieties located at different positions are designed and synthesized. These compounds exhibit highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of −4.9 to −5.1 eV and a hole mobility of 2.2 to 15 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 after doping. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on a methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) active layer using one of these HTMs (mp-SFX-2PA) exhibit power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 16.8%, which is higher than that of the control devices based on benchmark spiro-OMeTAD under the same conditions (15.5%). PSCs based on mp-SFX-2PA exhibit better stability (retain 90% of their initial PCEs after 2000 h storage in an ambient atmosphere) than the control devices based on spiro-OMeTAD (retain only 28% of their initial PCEs). mp-SFX-2PA based devices employing a mixed formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3)/methylammonium lead bromine (MAPbBr3) perovskite layer exhibit an improved PCE of 17.7%. The effects of arylamines and their location positions on device performance are discussed.

Spiro[fluorene-9,90-xanthene]-basedhole transporting materials for eﬃcient perovskite solar cells with enhancedstability

Combustion procedure deposited SnO2 electron transport layers for high efficient perovskite solar cells

Organic‐inorganic perovskite solar cells demonstrate immense potential for future photovoltaic application due to their remarkable efficiency advancements competitively low‐cost. To unlock the full capability of perovskite, developments to the neighbouring layers play immense roles in the ultimate performance of a perovskite solar device. Here, a brief review comprising of the advancements and roles of electron transport layers (ETLs) is discussed. In addition, the effects of ETL on the charge transport, hysteresis, and stability of perovskite solar devices, along with high−performing examples, are also explored.

Recent review on electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells

A critical review on the moisture stability of halide perovskite films and solar cells

Highly stable and efficient planar perovskite solar cells using ternary metal oxide electron transport layers

Effect of doped TiO2 film as electron transport layer for inverted organic solar cell

While extensive research has driven the rapid efficiency trajectory noted to date for organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their thermal stability remains one of the key issues hindering their commercialization.  Herein, we show that by introducing triphenylphosphine (TPP), an effective Lewis base passivator, to the vulnerable perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD interface, a significant reduction in surface defects - a precursor to perovskite instability, can be attained. Not only does TPP passivation enable high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.22% to be achieved, these devices also exhibit superior ambient and thermal stability. Unlike the pristine devices, which exhibits a sharp descend to 16% of its initial PCE on storing in relative humidity (RH) of 10%, at 85 ºC for more than 720 hours, the TPP passivated devices retains 71% of its initial PCE. Hence, this study presents a facile yet excellent approach to attain high-performing yet thermally stable PSCs.

Enhanced thermal stability of planar perovskite solar cells through triphenylphosphine interface passivation.

Solution-processed Ga-TiO2 electron transport layer for efficient inverted organic solar cells

Heterogeneous electron transporting layer for reproducible, efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells

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