AN INVESTIGATION OF THE BIOMECHANICAL RESPONSE FROM SHOCK WAVE LOADING TO THE HEAD by ALESSANDRA DAL CENGIO LEONARDI August 2011 Advisor: Pamela J. VandeVord Major: Biomedical Engineering Degree: Doctor of Philosophy There is a pressing need for a comprehensive explanation of the mechanism of brain injury after exposure to blast and several hypotheses have been suggested. The focus of this research was to investigate one of the hypotheses for primary brain injury due to blast: multimodal skull flexure. The significance of this research is twofold. First, resolution of the mode of energy transfer and of the induced stresses within the skull-brain system will allow for creations of mitigation/protective techniques/equipment, as well as design of experiments investigating live-cell response using more reliable physical models. Second, the data obtained experimentally will be available to validate computational models already developed, as well as future blast injury models. Initially, to examine the mechanical response to shock wave exposure, studies were conducted with three polyurethane spheres, used as simplified models of a human skull/brain system. The spheres had identical geometry, but differed in key characteristics: shell thickness and composition of the filling. The

An investigation of the biomechanical response from shock wave loading to the head

The welfare of animals is a major factor affecting the acceptability of human activities, and hence their sustainability, and whales are the subject of much concern because they are considered to be sentient animals. The scientific study of animal welfare has developed rapidly and now allows evaluation of the effects on whale welfare of disturbance by boats, harpoon entry, pulling whales to a boat, capture procedures, the point of unconsciousness and consequences for animals that escape. Useful data are now being collected on some aspects but recent evidence shows that, on average, during the capture and killing of whales, there is a high magnitude of poor welfare and the procedure is not humane.

/pdf/the-science-of-animal-welfare-and-its-relevance-to-whales-454qe8vb7f.pdf

The science of animal welfare and its relevance to whales

Physical model experiments, as well as simulations of the effects of grenade harpooning on anaesthetized pigs fully immersed in water suggest that the shock effect of the blast from the currently used grenades is relatively minor. Also the animals are not stunned to death, but loose consciousness and subsequently die from hemorrhage. Survival time is therefore very short if the animals are hit in the thorax, and is likely to be further reduced if the charge which is currently used is increased, or, even better, if shrapnel (fragment scattering) grenades are used instead of blast grenades.

/pdf/simulations-of-the-effect-of-currently-used-grenade-harpoons-4ofmah0jsd.pdf

Simulations of the effect of currently used grenade harpoons for the killing of whales using a pig-model.

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Simulations of the effect of currently used grenade harpoons for the killing of whales using a pig-model.