This datasheet on avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Pathology, Epidemiology, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum)

PAGE PAGE Introduction . . . . . 27 Sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents . . . . . 41 Historical outline . . . . 28 Immunological reactions . . 42 General characteristics Pathogenicity . . . . 43 Definition . . . . . 29 Classification and nomenclature . 30 Details of individual species Relationship to the . L-phase variants of bacteria . . Technical methods . . . Nutritional and growth requirements . . . . . Growth in the embryonated egg and in tissue culture . . Morphology. . . . . Biochemical properties. . . Other properties 32 34 35

The pleuropneumonia group of organisms: a review, together with some new observations.

Studies On Chronic Respiratory Disease Of Chickens II. Isolation of A Virus.

Although most of the work on characterization of avian mycoplasma has been done in recent years, a number of earlier observations of their involvement in diseases of poultry have been recorded. Dodd (1905) described “swollen head” as part of a disease syndrome in turkeys as early as 1905. Graham-Smith (1907) again described “swollen head,” and was able to reproduce sinusitis in turkeys by the inoculation of sinus exudate from naturally infected birds into susceptible turkeys. Tyzzer (1926) was apparently the first to describe sinusitis in turkeys in the United States. In a series of papers, Nelson (1933, 1935, 1936 a, b, c, 1938) reported on studies of coryza in chickens. He demonstrated coccobacilliform bodies in nasal exudates of birds with coryza and was able to cultivate the agents in embryonated eggs and chicken embryo tissue culture. Beach and Schalm (1936) and Schalm and Beach (1936) reported that they were able to produce sinusitis in turkeys after the intranasal inoculation of nasal exudate from chickens with coryza. In retrospect it appears that all of these workers were dealing with M. gallisepticum either in pure form or in conjunction with other bacteria. The name “infectious sinusitis” (IS) was given to the disease in turkeys by Dickinson and Hinshaw (1938). Delaplane and Stuart ( 1943) reported on the isolation and propagation of a virus in embryonated chicken eggs that was capable of causing a chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens. The agents of IS and CRD were referred to as a virus, a rickettsia or an agent resembling the chlamydozaceae group of organisms by most workers until Markam and Wong (1952), and Van Roekel and Olesiuk (1952) reported on the successful cultivation of the agents of CRD and IS in Edward’s (1947) medium. Markam and Wong (1952) stated that the agents were morphologically similar and were members of the pleuropneumonia group. Comparative studies of avian mycoplasma by Jacobs et al., (1953). White et al., (1954), and Gainforte et al., (1955), indicated that there was only one serotype or species until Adler et al., (1957) first suggested the possibility of at least two different types of mycoplasma being present in chicken and turkey tissues. The two isolates were serologically distinct with one being pathogenic for turkeys while the other was nonpathogenic. Adler and Yamamoto (1957) further reported on the isolation of two strains of mycoplasma obtained from a turkey sinus exudate sample. One strain was readily grown on artificial media and was not pathogenic for chickens or turkeys while the second did not readily colonize on serum enriched media and was capable of producing IS in turkeys. * Approved for publication as Scientific Journal Series, Paper 5972, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. This investigation was supported, in part, by a Public Health Service postdoctoral fellowship (No. EPD-10,617) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service, and grants from Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, Animal Disease Eradication Division, A M , U.S.D.A., and Minnesota Turkey Growers Association. t Studies in partial fulfillment of Ph.D. degree. Present address-Virology Section, Commumcable Disease Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.

Characterization of avian mycoplasma

Successfully managing risks to achieve wild polioviruses (WPVs) eradication and address the complexities of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) cessation to stop all cases of paralytic poliomyelitis depends strongly on our collective understanding of poliovirus immunity and transmission. With increased shifting from OPV to inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), numerous risk management choices motivate the need to understand the tradeoffs and uncertainties and to develop models to help inform decisions. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hosted a meeting of international experts in April 2010 to review the available literature relevant to poliovirus immunity and transmission. This expert review evaluates 66 OPV challenge studies and other evidence to support the development of quantitative models of poliovirus transmission and potential outbreaks. This review focuses on characterization of immunity as a function of exposure history in terms of susceptibility to excretion, duration of excretion, and concentration of excreted virus. We also discuss the evidence of waning of host immunity to poliovirus transmission, the relationship between the concentration of poliovirus excreted and infectiousness, the importance of different transmission routes, and the differences in transmissibility between OPV and WPV. We discuss the limitations of the available evidence for use in polio risk models, and conclude that despite the relatively large number of studies on immunity, very limited data exist to directly support quantification of model inputs related to transmission. Given the limitations in the evidence, we identify the need for expert input to derive quantitative model inputs from the existing data.

Expert review on poliovirus immunity and transmission.

Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms in the Etiology of Turkey Sinusitis and Chronic Respiratory Disease of Chickens

/pdf/immunological-response-to-trivalent-oral-poliomyelitis-56oum9of7t.pdf

Immunological response to trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine.

Vaccination Against Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis 1. Preliminary Studies in Mass Vaccination with Live Virus Dust Vaccines

Summary1. A simplified procedure for the indirect complement-fixation test is described.2. The serums of 59 Newcastle disease immune chickens were tested by the simplified indirect complement-fixation and by the hem-agglutination-inhibition tests.3. Good general agreement was observed between the titers obtained by the two methods.

Simplified Indirect Complement-Fixation Test Applied to Newcastle Disease Immune Avian Serum:

A summary of field experience with live virus measles vaccine.

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