Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment. Their similarities in chemical structure with legacy pollutants and their potential toxicity have caused increasing concern. In this work, 112 Ponar grab and 28 core sediment samples were collected from Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Huron, and a total of 26 PHCZs were analyzed along with unsubstituted carbazole using gas chromatography coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Our results show that the total accumulation of PHCZs in the sediments of the upper Great Lakes is >3000 tonnes, orders of magnitude greater than those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The 27 individual analytes differ in spatial distribution and temporal trend. Our results showed that PHCZs with substitution patterns of −Br2–5, −Cl1–2Br2–4, or having iodine, were more abundant in sediment of Lake Michigan deposited before 1900 than those deposited more recently, implying a natural origin...

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Sediments of Upper Great Lakes: Insights into Their Origin.

Immortalization Strategies for Mammalian Cells Culturing Animal Cells in Fluidized Bed Reactors Viral Evaluation of Animal Cell Lines Used In Biotechnology Monitoring Animal Cell Growth and Productivity by Flow Cytometry Adaptation of Mammalian Cells Grown in Serum Free MediumCytotoxicity Testing Using Cell Lines Measuring the Folding Dynamics of Recombinant Proteins Secreted from Mammalian CellsHematopoietic Cells for Cellular and Gene Therapy: I Basic Assay Techniques Measurement of Cell-Culture Glycosidase Activity Cytogenetic Characterization of Recombinant Cells Hematopoietic Cells for Cellular and Gene Therapy: II Expansion ProtocolsControl of Proteolysis in Cell Culture Measurement of Cell Death in Culture GPI-Anchored Fusion Proteins Harvesting GPI-Anchored Proteins From CHO Cells Optimizing Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Animal cell biotechnology: methods and protocols.

Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) were recently discovered in Great Lakes sediment and other aquatic systems. However, knowledge about their bioaccumulation and potential risks to fish and wildlife remains very limited. The present study investigated PHCZs in Great Lakes lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) and walleye ( Sander vitreus; Lake Erie only) composites collected between 2004 and 2016. Median concentrations of ∑PHCZs by lake ranged from 54.7 to 154 ng/g lipid weight or lw (6.8-28.0 ng/g wet weight). Dominant congeners included 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole, and 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole. The highest ∑PHCZs concentrations were found in Lakes Michigan and Ontario fish, followed by Lake Huron, whereas Lakes Erie and Superior fish contained the lowest concentrations. Congener profiles of PHCZs also exhibited spatial variations. After age normalization to minimize fish age influence on bioaccumulation rates, fish ∑PHCZs' concentrations declined significantly over time in all lakes except Lake Erie, with slopes ranging from -10.24% to -3.85% per year. The median toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PHCZs due to their dioxin-like activity was determined to range from 8.7 to 25.7 pg/g lw in Great Lakes fish. This study provides the first insight into the bioaccumulation and spatiotemporal trends of PHCZs in Great Lakes and suggests the need for further research on this group of chemicals.

Bioaccumulation and Spatiotemporal Trends of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Great Lakes Fish from 2004 to 2016

Gut microbiota dysbiosis correlates with a low-dose PCB126-induced dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) consist of 210 kinds of pollutants, 17 of which are highly toxic to humans. PCDD/F is mainly produced during comb...

Formation, Measurement, and Control of Dioxins from the Incineration of Municipal Solid Wastes: Recent Advances and Perspectives

The fingerprints of dioxin-like bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles in selected forest soils in Germany.

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds can be analyzed by bioanalytical screening methods to evaluate their biotoxicity. In vitro bioassays, based on 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and the activity of cytochrome P450 1A1 and the aryl hydrogen receptor (AhR) pathway, are employed for the evaluation of bioanalytical equivalents (BEQ) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from a wide variety of sample matrices. Here, we present the evaluation of 11 humic soil samples derived from forest stands across Germany and a comparison of the BEQ values against toxic equivalents (TEQ, PCDD/Fs+PCBs) derived by chemical analysis. BEQ values ranged from 8.8 to 34.1 while TEQ values from 13.9 to 60.5 pg/g dry weight. Additional two subsequent mineral layers were analyzed to identify the BEQ/TEQ gradient vertically, showing a TEQ decrease of 85.1 and 93.8 % from the humic to the first and second mineral layers, respectively. For BEQ values, a decrease as well as an increase was detected. BEQ measurements were performed with and without sample clean-up. Omitting clean-up revealed about 20 times increased BEQ values presumably due to non-persistent bioactive compounds not detected by chemical analysis. The results we present suggest that the EROD assay can be used for the screening of large sample quantities for the identification of samples showing dioxin and dioxin-like contaminations even at low levels, which can then be further analyzed by chemical analysis to identify the congener composition. The study also shows that EROD results give a qualitative image of the contamination. EROD seems to be interfered with cross-contaminants specifically for soils with high biological activity as forest layers.

Comparative study of dioxin contamination from forest soil samples (BZE II) by mass spectrometry and EROD bioassay

Development and validation of a ready to use cryo-EROD assay for the standardized screening of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in foodstuffs.

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The fingerprints of dioxin-like bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles in selected forest soils in Germany.

Comparative study of dioxin contamination from forest soil samples (BZE II) by mass spectrometry and EROD bioassay

Development and validation of a ready to use cryo-EROD assay for the standardized screening of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in foodstuffs.