A key application of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm lies within industrial contexts. Indeed, the emerging Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), commonly referred to as Industry 4.0, promises to revolutionize production and manufacturing through the use of large numbers of networked embedded sensing devices, and the combination of emerging computing technologies, such as Fog/Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence. The IIoT is characterized by an increased degree of inter-connectivity, which not only creates opportunities for the industries that adopt it, but also for cyber-criminals. Indeed, IoT security currently represents one of the major obstacles that prevent the widespread adoption of IIoT technology. Unsurprisingly, such concerns led to an exponential growth of published research over the last few years. To get an overview of the field, we deem it important to systematically survey the academic literature so far, and distill from it various security requirements as well as their popularity. This paper consists of two contributions: our primary contribution is a systematic review of the literature over the period 2011–2019 on IIoT Security, focusing in particular on the security requirements of the IIoT. Our secondary contribution is a reflection on how the relatively new paradigm of Fog computing can be leveraged to address these requirements, and thus improve the security of the IIoT.

https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/217216288/Hkkr_09146364.pdf

A Systematic Survey of Industrial Internet of Things Security: Requirements and Fog Computing Opportunities

A comprehensive study on current and future trends towards the characteristics and enablers of industry 4.0

An integrated outlook of Cyber-Physical systems for Industry 4.0: Topical practices, architecture, and applications

Abstract Cyber-physical systems (CPS) offer great potential for the digital transformation of industrial value creation in the context of Industry 4.0. They unify and integrate several technological approaches, including big data analysis and artificial intelligence, enhancing real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing processes. An extensive knowledge base formed by various disciplines, including information systems, engineering, and computer science, already exists for CPS. However, this knowledge has not been holistically captured and structured to date. To address this research gap, this study conducts a large-scale literature review of 2365 papers representing the current state of the research and then develops a novel categorization on industrial CPS with 10 sections, 32 areas, and 246 fields. The categorization is presented in hierarchical graphical form and can also be utilized as a web tool. To conclude, a perspective on future research needs and potentials to enhance Industry 4.0 in both research and practice are offered. 

/pdf/cyber-physical-systems-in-the-context-of-industry-4-0-a-2rwei76t.pdf

Cyber-Physical Systems in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Review, Categorization and Outlook

REACT: Enabling Real-Time Container Orchestration

Background: The vision of a fourth industrial revolution lately strongly captured the attention of research A Cyber-physical system (CPS) is one of the main drivers of this vision. Such system controls an underlying factory interacting with sensors, actuators and other systems creating systems-of-systems. A main point of interest is how these components are built and interconnected, i.e. the system's architecture, and how it might be improved to increase reliability and security.Aims: Unfortunately, there is no review available describing and identifying recent research status and progress for such architectures. Thus, in this systematic mapping study, we overview research on architecture for CPS in the context of Industry 4.0.Method: With an initial automatic search and through iterative refining, first results were gathered. Next, forward and backwards snowballing was performed to integrate the results, giving a final population of 213 papers. The output of this study is firstly a categorization and plot of architectural styles. Secondly, the categorization is extended to include security concerns.Results: In general, there is a tendency in proposing solutions in the fields of system and software architecture while other areas are visibly under-researched. Most proposals focus in digital representation, information management and integration of solutions.Conclusions: While a lot of solution proposals for different architectures exist, there are many fields uncovered and most of the solutions still lack of validation and evaluation results. Our findings highlight areas for future research and provide suggestions for investigation approaches.

Architecture, technologies and challenges for cyber-physical systems in industry 4.0: a systematic mapping study

We explore the challenges and opportunities of shifting industrial control software from dedicated hardware to bare-metal servers or cloud computing platforms using off the shelf technologies. In particular, we demonstrate that executing time-critical applications on cloud platforms is viable based on a series of dedicated latency tests targeting relevant real-time configurations.

Industrial Control via Application Containers: Migrating from Bare-Metal to IAAS

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are the most used digital systems in manufacturing industry, but there is little support for test automation of such systems. As net result, testing is mostly done manually or not at all despite the recommendations of the IEC 61131-3 Standard. Attempts to provide an automated testing framework for PLCs have been recently performed with first successful results. The most advanced and promising framework proposes an approach close to object orientation that relies on nonnative language and platform. In this article, we propose a testing library called Advanced Program Organization Unit Testing Framework written in native language, built according to the unit testing paradigm, and supporting automated testing for simple and complex scenarios of IEC 61131-3—compliant PLCs. In this article, we present such library, discuss its performance and advantages, and illustrate its application to a real case study.

IEC 61131-3 Software Testing: A Portable Solution for Native Applications

The vision of a fourth industrial revolution lately strongly captured the attention of research. A Cyber-physical system (CPS) is one of the main drivers of this vision. Such system controls an underlying factory interacting with sensors, actuators and other systems creating systems-of-systems. A main point of interest is how these components are built and interconnected, i.e. the system's architecture, and how it might be improved to increase reliability and security. Unfortunately, a recently completed systematic mapping study has shown that security based research for CPS architectures is only weakly present. The target of this research is therefore to find generalized architectural models and patterns that improve reliability and security. The results will enable the improvement of reliability and security of cyber-physical systems in general, leading to a variety of application scenarios and possible use cases.

Enhancing Security and Reliability for Smart- Systems' Architectures

Industry 4.0 is changing fundamentally data collection, its storage and analysis in industrial processes, enabling novel application such as flexible manufacturing of highly customized products. Real-time control of these processes, however, has not yet realized its full potential in using the collected data to drive further development. Indeed, typical industrial control systems are tailored to the plant they need to control, making reuse and adaptation a challenge. In the past, the need to solve plant specific problems overshadowed the benefits of physically isolating a control system from its plant. We believe that modern virtualization techniques, specifically application containers, present a unique opportunity to decouple control from plants. This separation permits us to fully realize the potential for highly distributed, and transferable industrial processes even with real-time constraints arising from time-critical sub-processes. In this paper, we explore the challenges and opportunities of shifting industrial control software from dedicated hardware to bare-metal servers or (edge) cloud computing platforms using off-the-shelf technology. We present a migration architecture and show, using a specifically developed orchestration tool, that containerized applications can run on shared resources without compromising scheduled execution within given time constraints. Through latency and computational performance experiments we explore limits of three system setups and summarize lessons learned.

Industrial Control via Application Containers:Maintaining determinism in IAAS

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