On the Gram-Differentiation of Bacteria by the Simplest Method. III. The Sulfuric Acid Methods.

Since it has been understood that gut microbiota of vector mosquitoes can influence their vector competence, efforts have been undertaken to develop new control strategies based on host microbiota manipulation, and aimed at suppressing the vector population or replacing it with a less competent one. For the proper design of such control strategies it is necessary to know the microbiota composition of the target vector species, how it is acquired, and how it changes throughout the host’s life cycle. In this study, 16S rRNA amplicon high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the changes in microbiota from the aquatic environment (larval breeding sites) to the different developmental stages of field-collected Aedes koreicus in Italy, an emerging invasive mosquito species in Europe and a potential vector of several pathogens. The bacterial communities of the aquatic breeding sites, larvae, pupae and adults showed distinctive structures to one another. Indeed, 84% of community members were unique to a given sample type. Nevertheless, almost 40% of the sequences generated were assigned to bacteria detected in all sample types, suggesting the importance of bacteria transstadially transmitted from water to the adult stage in constituting mosquito microbiota. Among these, genus C39 largely constituted water microbiota, family Burkholderiaceae was the most abundant in larvae and pupae, and genus Asaia dominated adult communities. In addition, Asaia consitituted a core microbiota across all sample types. Our results suggest that the microbiota of Ae. koreicus mosquitoes is composed by a community which derives from the aquatic bacteria of the larval breeding sites, is then filtered by the larval gut, where only certain members are able to persist, rearranged by metamorphosis and finally modified by the change in diet at the adult stage. Understanding how the microbiota of Ae. koreicus changes through the mosquito life cycle represents a first step in selecting bacterial candidates for use in microbiota-based intervention measures for this species. The properties which Asaia exhibits in this species, such as dominance, high prevalence and transstadial transmission, prevent the use of Wolbachia but make Asaia an ideal candidate for paratransgenesis.

/pdf/changes-in-microbiota-across-developmental-stages-of-aedes-39yd2z7xro.pdf

Changes in Microbiota Across Developmental Stages of Aedes koreicus, an Invasive Mosquito Vector in Europe: Indications for Microbiota-Based Control Strategies.

Cigarette butts are the most common plastic form of litter found in the marine coast, threatening the quality of the seawater and marine life. However, the impact of cigarette butts known to contain toxic chemicals has been investigated to date in very few marine species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cigarette filters (smoked or unsmoked) on the microbial diversity inhabiting coastal sediments by high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Both bacterial structure and metals distribution were impacted by cigarette filter addition in laboratory sediment experiments, compared to control sediment incubations without filter. Both smoked and unsmoked cigarette filters decreased pH and dissolved Cd, Mo and V concentrations in marine sediment incubations, while they increased dissolved Fe, Mn, Zn levels in the surrounding environment. Smoked filters dramatically decreased the relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria, while the members of the phyla Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Thermotogae were enriched by smoked filters in marine sediments. Bacterial taxa associated with deep marine environments or hydrothermal seep fields were selected by smoked cigarette filters. This study demonstrated for the first time the microbial community changes and impacts from toxic cigarette filters in coastal marine sediments.

/pdf/impact-of-cigarette-butts-on-microbial-diversity-and-4ix5l2doz0.pdf

Impact of cigarette butts on microbial diversity and dissolved trace metals in coastal marine sediment

Benzoxazole is a resourceful and important member of the heteroarenes that connects synthetic organic chemistry to medicinal, pharmaceutical, and industrial areas. It is a bicyclic planar molecule and is the most favorable moiety for researchers because it has been extensively used as a starting material for different mechanistic approaches in drug discovery. The motif exhibits a high possibility of broad substrate scope and functionalization to offer several biological activities like anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, and so on. There has been a large upsurge in the synthesis of benzoxazole via different pathways. The present article presents recent advances in synthetic strategies for benzoxazole derivatives since 2018. A variety of well-organized synthetic methodologies for benzoxazole using 2-aminophenol with aldehydes, ketones, acids, alcohols, isothiocyanates, ortho-esters, and alkynones under different reaction conditions and catalysts, viz. nanocatalysts, metal catalysts, and ionic liquid catalysts, with other miscellaneous techniques has been summarized. 

Advances in the synthetic strategies of benzoxazoles using 2-aminophenol as a precursor: an up-to-date review

Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods reveal microbe-clay mineral interactions by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria in an integral oilfield.

The bacterial strain, IR-2T, was isolated from a microbial mat sampled near a hydrothermal vent in the Greenland Sea. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene, showed that the closest relatives of IR-2T were Ilyobacter tartaricus, Ilyobacter insuetus, Propionigenium modestum and Fusobacterium varium (91 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The cells of the novel strain were Gram-stain-negative and pleomorphic; changing from long motile rods to non-motile ring structures during the growth cycle. Growth occurred at 20–55 °C (optimally at 48 °C), with 1–6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimally with 2 %), and at pH 5.3–8.0 (optimally at pH 6.0–8.0). The strain had obligate fermentative growth on various sugars and yeast extract. The DNA G+C content of strain IR-2T was 25.7 mol%. The cell sugars comprised mainly ribose, mannose and glucose, while the main polar lipids were glycolipids, phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The fatty acid content of strain IR-2 was dominated by saturated and unsaturated iso-branched or anteiso-branched forms. Strain IR-2 represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Hypnocyclicus thermotrophus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IR-2T ( = DSM 100055 = JCM 30901).

Hypnocyclicus thermotrophus gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a microbial mat in a hydrothermal vent field.

Genomic analyses indicate that anaerobic bacteria represent a neglected source of natural products. Whereas a limited number of polyketides have been reported from anaerobes, products of type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) have remained unknown. We found a highly conserved biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) comprising genes putatively encoding a type III PKS and a methyltransferase in genomes of the Negativicutes, strictly anaerobic, diderm bacteria. By in vivo and in vitro expression of a type III PKS gene, dquA from the oak‐associated Dendrosporobacter quercicolus in E. coli we show production of long‐chain alkylpyrones. Intriguingly, this BGC is specific for sporulating Sporomusaceae but absent in related Negativicutes that do not sporulate, thus suggesting a physiological role.

A Type III Polyketide Synthase Specific for Sporulating Negativicutes is Responsible for Alkylpyrone Biosynthesis

Abstract Benzoxazole scaffolds feature prominently in diverse synthetic and natural product‐derived pharmaceuticals. Our understanding of their bacterial biosynthesis is, however, limited to ortho‐substituted heterocycles from actinomycetes. We report an overlooked biosynthetic pathway in anaerobic bacteria (typified in Clostridium cavendishii) that expands the benzoxazole chemical space to meta‐substituted heterocycles and heralds a distribution beyond Actinobacteria. The first benzoxazoles from the anaerobic realm (closoxazole A and B) were elucidated by NMR and chemical synthesis. By genome editing in the native producer, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, and systematic pathway dissection we show that closoxazole biosynthesis invokes an unprecedented precursor usage (3‐amino‐4‐hydroxybenzoate) and manner of assembly. Synthetic utility was demonstrated by the precursor‐directed biosynthesis of a tafamidis analogue. A bioinformatic survey reveals the pervasiveness of related gene clusters in diverse bacterial phyla.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/anie.202205409

Alternative Benzoxazole Assembly Discovered in Anaerobic Bacteria Provides Access to Privileged Heterocyclic Scaffold

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Hypnocyclicus thermotrophus gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a microbial mat in a hydrothermal vent field.

A Type III Polyketide Synthase Specific for Sporulating Negativicutes is Responsible for Alkylpyrone Biosynthesis

Alternative Benzoxazole Assembly Discovered in Anaerobic Bacteria Provides Access to Privileged Heterocyclic Scaffold