The scale development process is critical to building knowledge in human and social sciences. The present paper aimed (a) to provide a systematic review of the published literature regarding current practices of the scale development process, (b) to assess the main limitations reported by the authors in these processes, and (c) to provide a set of recommendations for best practices in future scale development research. Papers were selected in September 2015, with the search terms “scale development” and “limitations” from three databases: Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, with no time restriction. We evaluated 105 studies published between 1976 and 2015. The analysis considered the three basic steps in scale development: item generation, theoretical analysis, and psychometric analysis. The study identified ten main types of limitation in these practices reported in the literature: sample characteristic limitations, methodological limitations, psychometric limitations, qualitative research limitations, missing data, social desirability bias, item limitations, brevity of the scale, difficulty controlling all variables, and lack of manual instructions. Considering these results, various studies analyzed in this review clearly identified methodological weaknesses in the scale development process (e.g., smaller sample sizes in psychometric analysis), but only a few researchers recognized and recorded these limitations. We hope that a systematic knowledge of the difficulties usually reported in scale development will help future researchers to recognize their own limitations and especially to make the most appropriate choices among different conceptions and methodological strategies.

/pdf/scale-development-ten-main-limitations-and-recommendations-2d611m1jfj.pdf

Scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices

Purpose: This systematic review examines research and practical applications of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) as a basis for establishing specific criter...

World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0: An international systematic review

After six psychological interventions for psychosis were compared across 48 outcome trials, some small but reliable differences in efficacy were found. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was more successful than befriending, cognitive remediation, psychoeducation, and supportive counseling in treating positive symptoms, but not as effective as social skills training for negative symptoms.

https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13081159

Psychological Interventions for Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Outcome Studies

https://escholarship.org/content/qt0d92z525/qt0d92z525.pdf?t=qay1nk

Psychosocial treatments for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: current practices and future directions.

Background Negative symptoms observed in patients with psychotic disorders undermine quality of life and functioning. Antipsychotic medications have a limited impact. Psychological and psychosocial interventions, with medication, are recommended. However, evidence for the effectiveness of specific non-biological interventions warrants detailed examination. Aims To conduct a meta-analytic and systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of non-biological treatments for negative symptoms in psychotic disorders. Method We searched for randomised controlled studies of psychological and psychosocial interventions in psychotic disorders that reported outcome on negative symptoms. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) in values of negative symptoms at the end of treatment were calculated across study domains as the main outcome measure. Results A total of 95 studies met our criteria and 72 had complete quantitative data. Compared with treatment as usual cognitive–behavioural therapy (pooled SMD −0.34, 95% CI −0.55 to −0.12), skills-based training (pooled SMD −0.44, 95% CI −0.77 to −0.10), exercise (pooled SMD −0.36, 95% CI −0.71 to −0.01), and music treatments (pooled SMD −0.58, 95% CI −0.82 to −0.33) provide significant benefit. Integrated treatment models are effective for early psychosis (SMD −0.38, 95% CI −0.53 to −0.22) as long as the patients remain in treatment. Overall quality of evidence was moderate with a high level of heterogeneity. Conclusions Specific psychological and psychosocial interventions have utility in ameliorating negative symptoms in psychosis and should be included in the treatment of negative symptoms. However, more effective treatments for negative symptoms need to be developed.

/pdf/psychological-and-psychosocial-interventions-for-negative-36pmyfki4u.pdf

Psychological and psychosocial interventions for negative symptoms in psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Development of the insight scale for affective disorders (ISAD): Modification from the scale to assess unawareness of mental disorder

REPYFLEC cognitive remediation group training in schizophrenia: Looking for an integrative approach

http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/24525/1/612655.pdf

Family burden related to clinical and functional variables of people with intellectual disability with and without a mental disorder.

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Development of the insight scale for affective disorders (ISAD): Modification from the scale to assess unawareness of mental disorder

REPYFLEC cognitive remediation group training in schizophrenia: Looking for an integrative approach

Family burden related to clinical and functional variables of people with intellectual disability with and without a mental disorder.