Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), an emerging subclass of contemporary high-performance nanoporous materials, have demonstrated their plausible potential in diverse real-world applications, for instance, adsorption, separation, catalysis, energy storage, photonics, and electronics. Similar to other supermolecular structures such as metal-organic frameworks (MOF) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), CTFs feature pre-designability and post-synthetic chemical tunability. Thus, they deliver distinct physicochemical, optical, electrical, and structural characteristics. Such features also endow CTFs with unique properties, including optional building blocks and synthetic methods, increased specific surface area, considerable pore volume, accessible micro-and/or mesopores in their structures, superior chemical/thermal stability, and heteroatom effect. Meanwhile, to further improve the performance of CTFs in practice and thus expand their possible applications, several CTFs comprising various functionalities have been successfully synthesized. CTFs can be modified via either bottom-up (i.e., pre-synthetic) or post-synthetic functionalization strategies and be used in environmental remediation implementations. In the present review, current developments in the environment-related applications of functionalized CTFs, including CO2 capture, removal of heavy metal species from aqueous solutions, radioiodine capture, uptake, and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, are discussed in detail. Functionalized CTFs have shown unprecedented adsorption capacity and selectivity towards environmental pollutants. It has been revealed that the main interaction mechanisms between the adsorbate species and the functionalized CTFs' surfaces are electrostatic, acid-base, charge transfer, ion exchange, chelation, coordination, hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobic effect, and π−π stacking mechanisms. Meanwhile, more research is required to bridge the gap between lab-scale and real-world applications of functionalized CTFs in environmental remediation. 

Functionalized covalent triazine frameworks as promising platforms for environmental remediation: A review

Effective degradation of hazardous effluents from the water environment has become essential due to the face-paced growth of industrial wastewater. The covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) is a promising advanced material that has been broadly utilized and demonstrated promising results in various water treatment applications. The notable superiority of CTFs compared to other advanced materials such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is due to its triazine linkage architecture which absence of weaker bonds and a substantial amount of N content, making it adjustable surface area, porosity, electro-optical properties, and stability. CTFs have been developed for adsorptive removal, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration, exhibiting versatile applications. In this review paper, recent development, tunability design and strategy, and state-of-the-art applications of the CTF for wastewater treatment are discussed extensively. 

Covalent triazine framework: Water treatment application

Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) are a class of porous organic polymers that continuously attract growing interest because of their outstanding chemical and physical properties. However, the control of extended porous organic framework structures at the molecular scale for a precise adjustment of their properties has hardly been achieved so far. Here, we present a series of bipyridine-based CTFs synthesized through polycondensation, in which the sequence of specific building blocks is well controlled. The reported synthetic strategy allows us to tailor the physicochemical features of the CTF materials, including the nitrogen content, the apparent specific surface area, and optoelectronic properties. Based on a comprehensive analytical investigation, we demonstrate a direct correlation of the CTF bipyridine content with the material features such as the specific surface area, band gap, charge separation, and surface wettability with water. The entirety of these parameters dictates the catalytic activity as demonstrated for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The material with the optimal balance between optoelectronic properties and highest hydrophilicity enables HER production rates of up to 7.2 mmol/(h·g) under visible light irradiation and in the presence of a platinum cocatalyst.

/pdf/finding-the-sweet-spot-of-photocatalysis-a-case-study-using-23ia7vog.pdf

Finding the Sweet Spot of Photocatalysis─A Case Study Using Bipyridine-Based CTFs.

Adsorption is an effective method of removing harmful pollutants from air and water. In the present study, zeolites prepared by sol-gel method from two Ecuadorian clays were combined with precursor clays and the ZnTiO3/TiO2 semiconductor for adsorbing methylene blue (MB) as a water contaminant. The synthesized compounds were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, and surface area measurement. These compounds were combined to form cylindrical extrudates of 0.2 cm (diameter) and 1.0 cm (length). The adsorption characteristics of the composites were measured using batch sorption studies as a function of pH, initial concentration, and contact time. The pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model were better suited to the adsorption process. The equilibrium state was achieved around 180 min of adsorption, and a pH of 7 was established as the optimal operating condition. The maximum adsorption values of the dye were obtained with the composites derived from G-Clay, whose average adsorption capacity was 46.36 mg g−1, in contrast with composites derived from R-Clay, whose average adsorption value was 36.24 mg g−1. The results reflect that synthesized composites could be used potentially for the removal of cationic dye from wastewater.

Structuring of ZnTiO3/TiO2 Adsorbents for the Removal of Methylene Blue, Using Zeolite Precursor Clays as Natural Additives.

In this study, GP (geopolymer) and GTA (geopolymer/ZnTiO3/TiO2) geopolymeric materials were prepared from metakaolin (MK) and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), specific surface area (SSA), and point of zero charge (PZC). The adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity of the compounds prepared in the form of pellets was determined by degradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye in batch reactors, at pH = 7.0 ± 0.2 and room temperature (20 °C). The results indicate that both compounds are highly efficient at adsorbing MB, with an average efficiency value of 98.5%. The Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo second order kinetic model provided the best fits to the experimental data for both compounds. In the MB photodegradation experiments under UVB irradiation, GTA reached an efficiency of 93%, being higher than that achieved by GP (4%). Therefore, the incorporation of ZnTiO3/TiO2 in the geopolymeric matrix allowed GTA to achieve higher overall efficiency, by combining adsorption and photocatalysis, compared to the GP compound. The results indicate that the synthesized compounds could be used for up to five consecutive cycles for the removal of MB from wastewater through adsorption and/or photocatalysis processes.

/pdf/porous-geopolymer-zntio3-tio2-composite-for-adsorption-and-sy21mwee.pdf

Porous Geopolymer/ZnTiO3/TiO2 Composite for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

Efficient removal of three dyes using porous covalent triazine frameworks: adsorption mechanism and role of pore distribution.

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Efficient removal of three dyes using porous covalent triazine frameworks: adsorption mechanism and role of pore distribution.