The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize the neonatal gut immediately following birth. The establishment and interactive development of this early gut microbiota are believed to be (at least partially) driven and modulated by specific compounds present in human milk. It has been shown that certain genomes of infant gut commensals, in particular those of bifidobacterial species, are genetically adapted to utilize specific glycans of this human secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example of host-microbe coevolution, where both partners are believed to benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried to dissect the composition and functionality of the infant gut microbiome and to explore the distribution across the different ecological niches of the infant gut biogeography of the corresponding microbial consortia, including those corresponding to bacteria and viruses, in healthy and ill subjects. Such analyses have linked certain features of the microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, to intestinal illnesses in infants or disease states that are manifested at later stages of life, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders. Thus, a growing number of studies have reported on how the early human gut microbiota composition/development may affect risk factors related to adult health conditions. This concept has fueled the development of strategies to shape the infant microbiota composition based on various functional food products. In this review, we describe the infant microbiota, the mechanisms that drive its establishment and composition, and how microbial consortia may be molded by natural or artificial interventions. Finally, we discuss the relevance of key microbial players of the infant gut microbiota, in particular bifidobacteria, with respect to their role in health and disease.

The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/189362/1/CHM2018-Ferretti.pdf

Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome.

The gut microbiota is a dense and diverse ecosystem that is involved in many physiological functions as well as in disease pathogenesis. It is dominated by bacteria, which have been extensively studied in the past 15 years; however, other microorganisms, such as fungi, phages, archaea and protists, are also present in the gut microbiota. Exploration of the fungal component, namely, the mycobiota, is at an early stage, and several specific technical challenges are associated with mycobiota analysis. The number of fungi in the lower gastrointestinal tract is far lower than that of bacteria, but fungal cells are much larger and much more complex than bacterial cells. In addition, a role of the mycobiota in disease, notably in IBD, is indicated by both descriptive data in humans and mechanistic data in mice. Interactions between bacteria and fungi within the gut, their functional roles and their interplay with the host and its immune system are fascinating areas that researchers are just beginning to investigate. In this Review, we discuss the newest data on the gut mycobiota and explore both the technical aspects of its study and its role in health and gastrointestinal diseases. The authors review the newest data on the gut fungal microbiota. They explore technical aspects of its analysis, how the mycobiome is influenced by immune and environmental factors, including fungi–bacteria interactions, and links between the mycobiota and gut diseases.

The gut mycobiota: insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases

Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is a common, multi-factorial, and poorly understood liver disease whose incidence is globally rising. NAFLD is generally asymptomatic and associated with other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Yet, up to 25% of NAFLD patients develop a progressive inflammatory liver disease termed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that may progress towards cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and the need for liver transplantation.

In recent years, several lines of evidence suggest that the gut microbiome represents a significant environmental factor contributing to NAFLD development and its progression into NASH. Suggested microbiome-associated mechanisms contributing to NAFLD and NASH include dysbiosis-induced deregulation of the gut endothelial barrier function, which facilitates systemic bacterial translocation, and intestinal and hepatic inflammation. Furthermore, increased microbiome-modulated metabolites such as lipopolysaccharides, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids, and ethanol, may affect liver pathology through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver and the gut microbiota.

Intestinal Microbiota in Early Life and Its Implications on Childhood Health.

Background & Aims: although increasing evidence suggests a role for fungi in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), data are scarce and mostly from adults. Our aim was to define the characteristics of fungal microbiota in newly-diagnosed treatment-naive children with Crohn disease (CD).

Methods: The children referred for colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled in the study at King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University and Al Mofarreh Polyclinics in Riyadh. Tissue and stool samples were collected and frozen till sequencing analysis. The children with confirmed CD diagnosis were designated as cases and the others as non- IBD controls. 78 samples were collected from 35 children (15 CD and 20 controls). Statistical analysis was performed to investigate CD associations and diversity.

Results: CD-associated fungi varied with the level of phylogenetic tree. There was no significant difference in abundance between normal and inflamed mucosa. Significantly abundant CD-associated taxa included Psathyrellaceae (p=0.01), Cortinariaceae (p= 0.04), Psathyrella (p= 0.004), and Gymnopilus (p=0.03).Monilinia was significantly depleted (p=0.03), whereas other depleted taxa, although not statistically significant, included Leotiomycetes (p= 0.06), Helotiales (p=0.08), Sclerotiniaceae (p=0.07). There was no significant difference in fungal diversity between CD and controls.

Conclusions: We report highly significant fungal dysbiosis in newly diagnosed treatment naive CD children. Depleted and more abundant taxa suggest anti-inflammatory and proinflamatory potentials respectively. Further studies with larger sample size including functional analysis are needed to clarify the significance of the fungal community in the pathogenesis of CD.

/pdf/fungal-microbiota-profile-in-newly-diagnosed-treatment-naive-4u6z0f313z.pdf

Fungal Microbiota Profile in Newly Diagnosed Treatment-naïve Children with Crohn’s Disease

/pdf/detecting-microbial-dysbiosis-associated-withpediatric-crohn-1cak245gvz.pdf

Detecting Microbial Dysbiosis Associated withPediatric Crohn Disease Despite the High Variabilityof the Gut Microbiota

Detecting Microbial Dysbiosis Associated with Pediatric Crohn Disease Despite the High Variability of the Gut Microbiota

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Feng Wang

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Fungal Microbiota Profile in Newly Diagnosed Treatment-naïve Children with Crohn’s Disease

Detecting Microbial Dysbiosis Associated withPediatric Crohn Disease Despite the High Variabilityof the Gut Microbiota

Detecting Microbial Dysbiosis Associated with Pediatric Crohn Disease Despite the High Variability of the Gut Microbiota