Given the rise in the popularity of wearable electronics that are able to deform into desirable configurations while maintaining electrochemical functionality, stretchable and flexible (hybrid) supercapacitors (SCs) have become increasingly of interest as innovative energy storage devices. Their outstanding power density, long lifetime with low capacitance loss, and appropriate energy density, in particular in hybrid cases make them ideal candidates for flexible electronics. The aim of this review paper is to provide an in-depth discussion of these stretchable and flexible SCs ranging from fabrication to electro-mechanical properties. This review paper begins with a short overview of the fundamentals of charge storage mechanisms and different types of multivalent metal-ion hybrid SCs. The research methods leading up to the current state of these stretchable and flexible SCs are then presented. This is followed by an in-depth presentation of the challenges associated with the fabrication methods for different configurations. Proposed novel strategies to maximize the elastic and electrochemical properties of stretchable/flexible or quasi-solid-state SCs are classified and the pros and cons associated with each are shown. The advances in mechanical properties and the expected advancements for the future of these SCs are discussed in the last section. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cey2.320

Configuration‐dependent stretchable all‐solid‐state supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors

3D printing is gaining prospects thanks to the ease of manufacturing energy storage devices with programmable geometry at the macro‐ and microscales. Herein, a direct ink writing 3D printing approach for preparing all‐printed flexible micro‐supercapacitors is demonstrated using rationally designed poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/MXene composite gels as inks without the tedious processes and toxic organic additives. Among the printable inks, the homogeneously distributed MXene nanosheets can boost the printability of PEDOT:PSS solution and also regulate the interconnected electronic structures of the PEDOT:PSS undergoing a micellar to linear structure transition. The resulting 3D printed micro‐supercapacitors and integrated devices can deliver exceptionally large areal capacitances, remarkable rate performance, and high cycling stability with thickness‐independent capacitances even under exceptional deformations and low temperatures. This study thus provides a simple yet environmental‐friendly approach for preparing the conducting‐polymer‐based inks for 3D printing of customized, multiscale, and integrated energy devices.

Direct‐Ink‐Write 3D Printing of Programmable Micro‐Supercapacitors from MXene‐Regulating Conducting Polymer Inks

Monitoring the acetaminophen dosage is important to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions such as liver failure and kidney damage. Traditional approaches to monitoring acetaminophen dosage mainly rely on invasive blood collection. Herein, we developed a noninvasive microfluidic-based wearable plasmonic sensor to achieve simultaneous sweat sampling and acetaminophen drug monitoring for vital signs. The fabricated sensor employs an Au nanosphere cone array as the key sensing component, which poses a substrate with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity to noninvasively and sensitively detect the fingerprint of acetaminophen molecules based on its unique SERS spectrum. The developed sensor enabled the sensitive detection and quantification of acetaminophen at concentrations as low as 0.13 μM. We further evaluated the sweat sensor integrated with a Raman spectrometer for monitoring acetaminophen in drug-administered subjects. These results indicated that the sweat sensor could measure acetaminophen levels and reflect drug metabolism. The sweat sensors have revolutionized wearable sensing technology by adopting label-free and sensitive molecular tracking methods for noninvasive and point-of-care drug monitoring and management.

Wearable Plasmonic Sweat Biosensor for Acetaminophen Drug Monitoring.

Comprehensive performance of a diethylenetriamine/2-diethylaminoethanol biphasic absorbent for CO2 capture

Stretchable sensors based on conductive hydrogels have attracted considerable attention for wearable electronics. However, their practical applications have been limited by the low sensitivity, high hysteresis, and long response times of the hydrogels. In this study, we developed high-performance poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) based hydrogels post-treated with NaCl, which showed excellent mechanical properties, fast electrical response, and ultralow hysteresis properties. The hydrogels also demonstrated excellent self-healing properties with electrical and mechanical properties comparable to those of the original hydrogel and more than 150% elongation at break after the self-healing process. The high performance of the optimized hydrogels was attributed to the enhanced intermolecular forces between the PVA matrix and PEDOT:PSS, the favorable conformational change of the PEDOT chains, and an increase in localized charges in the hydrogel networks. The hydrogel sensors were capable of tracking large human motion and subtle muscle action in real time with high sensitivity, a fast response time (0.88 s), and low power consumption (<180 μW). Moreover, the sensor was able to monitor human respiration due to chemical changes in the hydrogel. These highly robust, stretchable, conductive, and self-healing PVA/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels, therefore, show great application potential as wearable sensors for monitoring human activity.

Self-Healable Conductive Hydrogels with High Stretchability and Ultralow Hysteresis for Soft Electronics.

3d Printable Conductive Polymer Hydrogels with Ultra-High Conductivity and Superior Stretchability for Free-Standing Elastic All-Gel Supercapacitors

Chemical Constituents of the Pericarp of Toona Sinensis and Their Chemotaxonomic Significance

Can Sif and Npq Be Used in the Photosynthesis Rate Simulation of Plants Subjected to Drought?

The effects of phosphate (P), silicate (Si), humic acid (HA), and calcium (Ca) on the release of As(V) co-precipitated with Fe(III) and Fe(II) during aging were investigated. As(V) in synthetic groundwater could be efficiently removed by both Fe(III) and Fe(II) processes. The addition of P remarkably decreased As(V) removal efficiency while no obvious release of As(V) during aging was observed. Si and HA reduced As(V) removal to a less extent than P but caused notable As(V) release during aging. FTIR spectra and particle size of the precipitates before and after aging indicated that As(V) release in the presence of Si was due to the serious structural transformation and particle aggregation of the precipitates during aging. While for HA, As(V) release was caused by sorption of HA on the precipitates and dissolution of the precipitates by HA. The addition of Ca partially counteracted the adverse impacts of P, Si, and HA and promoted As(V) removal efficiency but had limited inhibitory effect on As(V) release as it induced more serious particle aggregation during aging. The results demonstrated that the release of As(V) caused by Si and HA should be considered when using Fe coagulation for in-situ treatment of As(V) contaminated groundwater.

Effects of phosphate, silicate, humic acid, and calcium on the release of As(V) co-precipitated with Fe(III) and Fe(II) during aging.

Migration of Harmful Elements in Municipal Sludge Under High Temperature Oxidation Conditions

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