This paper provides a clear and concise review on the use of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems for renewable energy applications with the attendant challenges and future research direction. A brief history of SMES and the operating principle has been presented. Also, the main components of SMES are discussed. A bibliographical software was used to analyse important keywords relating to SMES obtained from top 1240 most relevant research on superconducting magnetic energy storage system that have been published in reputable journals in recent times. Comparison of SMES with other competitive energy storage technologies is presented in order to reveal the present status of SMES in relation to other viable energy storage systems. In addition, various research on the application of SMES for renewable energy applications are reviewed including control strategies and power electronic interfaces for SMES. Important technology road map and set targets for SMES development from year 2020 to 2050 are summarized. This paper also discusses important challenges facing the development and application of SMES and points out vital future research direction on the development and improvement of SMES systems for renewable energy applications. This work will be of significant interest and will provide important insights for researchers in the field of renewable energy and energy storage, utilities and government agencies. • Review of SMES for renewable energy applications has been carried out. • Bibliographical analysis of important keywords on SMES has been provided. • Published articles in the last 10 years on SMES categorized and presented. • Road map and set targets for SMES technology from 2020 to 2050 are summarized. • Challenges of SMES application and future research direction have been discussed. 

Superconducting magnetic energy storage systems: Prospects and challenges for renewable energy applications

Comprehensive review of energy storage systems technologies, objectives, challenges, and future trends

The development of superconducting technology has seen continuously increasing interest, especially in the area of clean power systems and electrification of transport with low CO2 emission. Electric machines, as the major producer and consumer of the global electrical energy, have played a critical role in achieving zero carbon emission. The superior current carrying capacity of superconductors with zero DC loss opens the way to the next-generation electric machines characterized by much higher efficiency and power density compared to conventional machines. The persistent current mode is the optimal working condition for a superconducting magnet, and thus the energization of superconducting field windings has become a crucial challenge to be tackled, to which high temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps have been proposed as a promising solution. An HTS flux pump enables current injection into a closed superconducting coil wirelessly and provides continuous compensation to offset current decay, avoiding excessive cryogenic losses and sophisticated power electronics facilities. Despite many publications regarding the design and analyses of various types of HTS flux pumps, the practical application of HTS flux pumps in a high-performance superconducting machine has been rarely reported. Therefore, it is of significance to specify the main challenges for building and implementing a reliable HTS flux pump. In addition, the physical mechanisms of distinct HTS flux pumps have caused some confusion, which should be clarified. Above all, a systematic review of the recent development and progress of HTS flux pumps remains lacking. Given the above-mentioned issues, this paper summarized the most up-to-date advances of this emerging technology, clarified the working mechanisms and commonly adopted modeling approaches, presented objective analyses of the applicability of various HTS flux pumps, specified the primary challenges for implementing HTS flux pumps, and proposed useful suggestions to improve this wireless excitation technology. The overall aim of this work is to bring a deep insight into the understanding of HTS flux pumps and provide comprehensive guidance for their future research and applications.

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High Temperature Superconducting Flux Pumps for Contactless Energization

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an indispensable tool in monitoring lipid-rich tissues and the musculoskeletal system. It however requires maintaining a huge homogeneous (1 to 7 T) field. That is where superconductors come into play since they are the only feasible way to create such fields. The state-of-the-art technology utilizes low critical temperature superconductors (LTS) which require cooling down to liquid helium temperatures (4.2K). The new generation superconductors, aka the high critical temperature superconductors (HTS), can operate up to relatively elevated temperatures (technically above 100K's). In addition to that, they can withstand larger magnetic field strengths which can theoretically go up to the order of hundred Teslas in magnitude. It is evident that LTS wires of current MRI magnet technology is at their limits and new pursuits such as reaching higher fields and reducing operational/maintenance costs are in the favor of HTS tapes. There is, in fact, another advantage beyond minimization of the cryogenic costs, namely the compactness of the overall system. Utilizing certain auxiliary techniques such as flux pumping and conductive cooling of the tapes, MRI magnets can be reduced in size substantially. That, in turn, enables constructing much smaller thus mobile MRI scanners which can be brought to patients’ doorsteps. Here we present the current status of our project aiming to build an HTS MRI machine dedicated to use as a mobile head scanner.

Current Status in Building a Compact and Mobile HTS MRI Instrument

Self-regulating high temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pump is one of the most effective methods to compensate the current degradation of a closed HTS magnet for its stable operation. In this study, to understand the working principle as well as the influential factors regarding to its operation performance, a basic circuit model has been established. Based on that, we found the saturation load current is strongly related to the added secondary resistance, which could offset the DC bias current induced in the charging loop. Then, we built a prototype experimentally, in which, part of the load coil was used as a HTS bridge and bifilar bridge design has been adopted to minimize the possible flux fluctuation in the load loop. In the experiment, the dependence of the charging performance on the bridge length as well as the added secondary resistance at different frequencies has been clarified. The results show that, the load current is remarkably impacted by the aforementioned parameters. Specifically speaking, with an increasing added secondary resistance, the operating frequency needs to be higher to ensure the secondary current can follow the primary current, which is crucial for maintaining a larger load current.

Performance Investigation of Contactless Self-Regulating HTS Flux Pump

Due to the volatility and intermittent nature of wind energy, the impact of wind power access on the stable operation of the power grid is particularly prominent. In this paper, this problem can be solved by using VSC-HVDC technology containing superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). SMES is connected in parallel on the DC bus of VSC-HVDC system. According to the mathematical model of VSC-HVDC system in d-q synchronous rotating coordinate system and PWM technology, the direct current control strategy of converter station and SMES is designed. In PSCAD/EMTDC, a simulation model of wind farm with asynchronous wind turbines connected to the grid via SMES and VSC-HVDC system is built. The simulation results show that the topology and control strategy proposed in this paper can not only effectively smooth the wind power fluctuation, but also improve the transient stability of the wind farm.

Research on Improving the Operation Stability of Wind Farms Connected to Power Grid by Using VSC-HVDC Containing SMES

Superconducting flux pump is a wireless charging technique utilizing electromagnetic induction law for exciting the superconducting magnet by pumping the magnetic flux into the superconducting closed-loop circuit without any electrical contact in order to compensate current attenuation and ensure the stability of the magnetic field. The contactless flux pump not only charges the magnet, but also quantitatively compensates the current decay of the magnet, which makes it possible for superconducting coils to work in the persistent current mode. This method of magnetizing can effectively reduce contact losses and heat losses, making the whole magnet system more compact and effective. This paper introduces the working principle and research progress of the recent flux pumping technology, reviews different types of high temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps proposed during the last decade, summarizes the underlying physics as well as merits and drawbacks of each type, and finally gives a potential developing trend for the future flux pumps where power engineering is largely applied.

Research Progress of Contactless Magnetization Technology: HTS Flux Pumps

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Research on Improving the Operation Stability of Wind Farms Connected to Power Grid by Using VSC-HVDC Containing SMES

Research Progress of Contactless Magnetization Technology: HTS Flux Pumps