To review and qualitatively synthesize the evidence related to the economic burden of COVID-19, including healthcare resource utilization and costs.A systematic review of studies that assessed the economic burden [eg, direct costs, productivity, macroeconomic impact due to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and equity] of COVID-19 was conducted by searches in EMBASE, MEDLINE, MEDLINE-IN-PROCESS, and The Cochrane Library, as well as manual searches of unpublished research for the period between January 2020 to February 2021. Single reviewer data extraction was confirmed independently by a second reviewer.The screening process resulted in a total of 27 studies: 25 individual publications, and 2 systematic literature reviews, of narrower scopes, that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The patients diagnosed with more severe COVID-19 were associated with higher costs. The main drivers for higher costs were consistent across countries and included ICU admission, in-hospital resource use such as mechanical ventilation, which lead to increase costs of $2082.65 ± 345.04 to $2990.76 ± 545.98. The most frequently reported indirect costs were due to productivity losses. On average, older COVID-19 patients incurred higher costs when compared to younger age groups. An estimation of a 20% COVID-19 infection rate based on a Monte Carlo simulation in the United States led to a total direct medical cost of $163.4 billion over the course of the pandemic.The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a considerable economic burden on patients and the general population. Preventative measures such as NPIs only have partial success in lowering the economic costs of the pandemic. Implementing additional preventative measures such as large-scale vaccination is vital in reducing direct and indirect medical costs, decreased productivity, and GDP losses. 

/pdf/economic-burden-of-covid-19-a-systematic-review-1mbsf4gm.pdf

Economic Burden of COVID-19: A Systematic Review

Objective To review and qualitatively synthesize the evidence related to the economic burden of COVID-19, including healthcare resource utilization and costs. Methods A systematic review of studies that assessed the economic burden [eg, direct costs, productivity, macroeconomic impact due to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and equity] of COVID-19 was conducted by searches in EMBASE, MEDLINE, MEDLINE-IN-PROCESS, and The Cochrane Library, as well as manual searches of unpublished research for the period between January 2020 to February 2021. Single reviewer data extraction was confirmed independently by a second reviewer. Results The screening process resulted in a total of 27 studies: 25 individual publications, and 2 systematic literature reviews, of narrower scopes, that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The patients diagnosed with more severe COVID-19 were associated with higher costs. The main drivers for higher costs were consistent across countries and included ICU admission, in-hospital resource use such as mechanical ventilation, which lead to increase costs of $2082.65 ± 345.04 to $2990.76 ± 545.98. The most frequently reported indirect costs were due to productivity losses. On average, older COVID-19 patients incurred higher costs when compared to younger age groups. An estimation of a 20% COVID-19 infection rate based on a Monte Carlo simulation in the United States led to a total direct medical cost of $163.4 billion over the course of the pandemic. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a considerable economic burden on patients and the general population. Preventative measures such as NPIs only have partial success in lowering the economic costs of the pandemic. Implementing additional preventative measures such as large-scale vaccination is vital in reducing direct and indirect medical costs, decreased productivity, and GDP losses.

Does COVID-19 affect metro use in Taipei?

A bstract Introduction Although patients’ clinical conditions have been shown to be associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) severity and outcome, their impact on hospital costs are not known. This economic evaluation of COVID-19 admissions aimed to assess direct and fixed hospital costs and describe their particularities in different clinical and demographic conditions and outcomes in the largest public hospital in Latin America, located in Sao Paulo, Brazil, where a whole institute was exclusively dedicated to COVID-19 patients in response to the pandemic. Methods This is a partial economic evaluation performed from the hospital´s perspective and is a prospective, observational cohort study to assess hospitalization costs of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted between March 30 and June 30, 2020, to Hospital das Clinicas of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) and followed until discharge, death, or external transfer. Micro- and macro-costing methodologies were used to describe and analyze the total cost associated with each patient's underlying medical conditions, itinerary and outcomes as well as the cost components of different hospital sectors. Results The average cost of the 3254 admissions (51.7% of which involved intensive care unit stays) was US$12,637.42. The overhead cost was its main component. Sex, age and underlying hypertension (US$14,746.77), diabetes (US$15,002.12), obesity (US$18,941.55), chronic renal failure (US$15,377.84), and rheumatic (US$17,764.61), hematologic (US$15,908.25) and neurologic (US$15,257.95) diseases were associated with higher costs. Age strata >69 years, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19, comorbidities, use of mechanical ventilation or dialysis, surgery and outcomes remained associated with higher costs. Conclusion Knowledge of COVID-19 hospital costs can aid in the development of a comprehensive approach for decision-making and planning for future risk management.

COVID-19-related hospital cost-outcome analysis: The impact of clinical and demographic factors.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care systems are under extreme pressure. This study analyzed health care resource use (HCRU) and costs in patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 and aimed to estimate the one-year direct medical cost of the disease in Turkey. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted between March and July 2020 in a tertiary hospital (n = 1056) in Istanbul. Patient demographics, clinical and treatment characteristics at admission, comorbidities, disease severity, and costs from a payer perspective were evaluated using the microcosting method. The results include LOS, hospital costs, and univariate and generalized linear models to investigate influencing factors. The data were extrapolated to provide a country-level estimate. RESULTS: The mean length of stay was 9.1 days (SD 6.9). The mean length of stay was 8.0 days (4.7) for patients hospitalized in wards versus 14.8 days (SD 12.0) for patients hospitalized in the ICU. In univariate analysis, several factors, including O2 therapy (+ 3.7 days), high CRP > 41.8 mg/L (+ 3.8 days), and elevated ferritin (+ 3.5), were found to be associated with a longer LOS (p < 0.05). The direct annual medical cost of COVID-19 was estimated at PPP$ 2.1 billion. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a direct medical burden that corresponds to 2.0% of the government health expenditures and 0.8 per thousand of Turkey's gross domestic product (GDP). CONCLUSIONS: Estimating the impact of this pandemic in terms of HCRU and costs to the health care system can help design strategies to manage the pandemic.

/pdf/covid-19-healthcare-cost-and-length-of-hospital-stay-in-4am8s2n5tk.pdf

COVID-19 healthcare cost and length of hospital stay in Turkey: retrospective analysis from the first peak of the pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a global public threat Given the pandemic of COVID-19, the economic impact of COVID-19 is essential to add value to the policy-making process We retrospectively conducted a cost and affordability analysis to determine the medical costs of COVID-19 patients in China, and also assess the factors affecting their costs This analysis was retrospectively conducted in Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital between 24 January and 16 March 2020 The total direct medical expenditures were analyzed by cost factors We also assessed affordability by comparing the simulated out-of-pocket expenditure of COVID-19 cases relative to the per capita disposable income Differences between groups were tested by student t test and Mann-Whitney test when appropriate A multiple logistic regression model was built to determine the risk factors associated with high cost A total of 70 COVID-19 patients were included in the analysis The overall mean cost was USD 6827 per treated episode The highest mean cost was observed in drug acquisition, accounting for 451% of the overall cost Total mean cost was significantly higher in patients with pre-existing diseases compared to those without pre-existing diseases Pre-existing diseases and the advanced disease severity were strongly associated with higher cost Around USD 049 billion were expected for clinical manage of COVID-19 in China Among rural households, the proportions of health insurance coverage should be increased to 70% for severe cases, and 80% for critically ill cases to avoid catastrophic health expenditure Our data demonstrate that clinical management of COVID-19 patients incurs a great financial burden to national health insurance The cost for drug acquisition is the major contributor to the medical cost, whereas the risk factors for higher cost are pre-existing diseases and severity of COVID-19 Improvement of insurance coverage will need to address the barriers of rural patients to avoid the occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure

/pdf/treatment-of-coronavirus-disease-2019-in-shandong-china-a-1z2a5dxzqj.pdf

Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in Shandong, China: a cost and affordability analysis.

http://mp.uscap.org/article/S0893395222000497/pdf

Prognostic and predictive value of the newly proposed grading system of invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Chinese patients: a retrospective multicohort study

Improving the identification and diagnostic efficiency of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for mycobacterial granuloma on postoperative formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens.

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Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in Shandong, China: a cost and affordability analysis.

Prognostic and predictive value of the newly proposed grading system of invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Chinese patients: a retrospective multicohort study

Improving the identification and diagnostic efficiency of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for mycobacterial granuloma on postoperative formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens.