We are reviewing the state of electrochemical sensing of H2O2 based on the use of metal nanoparticles. The article is divided into subsections on sensors based on nanoparticles made from Ag, Pt, Pd, Cu, bimetallic nanoparticles and other metals. Some sensors display high sensitivity, fast response, and good stability. The review is subdivided into sections on sensors based on heme proteins and on nonenzymatic sensors. We also discussed the challenges of nanoscaled sensors and their future aspects.

Electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide using metal nanoparticles: a review

Enzyme-free (also called non-enzymatic or direct) electrochemical sensors have been widely used for the determination of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and uric acid. This review covers the recent progress made in this field. We also discuss the respective sensor materials which have strong effect on the electro-catalytic properties of the electrodes and govern the performance of these sensors. In addition, perspectives and current challenges of enzyme-free electrochemical sensors are outlined. Contains 142 references.

Advances in enzyme-free electrochemical sensors for hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and uric acid

Hybridizing nanocarbons, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene, with an active material is a powerful strategy towards designing next-generation functional materials for environmental and sustainable energy applications. While research on nanocomposites, created by dispersing the nanocarbon into polymer or ceramic matrices, began almost immediately after the popularization of CNTs and graphene in 1991 and 2004, respectively, nanocarbon hybrids are a relatively recent addition to the family of composite materials. In contrast to nanocomposites, which typically combine the intrinsic properties of both compounds, nanocarbon hybrids additionally provide access to both a large surface area required for gas/liquid-solid interactions and an extended interface, through which charge and energy transfer processes create synergistic effects that result in unique properties and superior performance. This progress report looks at the history of research on nanocarbons (fullerenes, CNTs and graphene) and their composites and hybrids, presents the origin of synergistic effects, reviews the most intriguing results on nanocarbon hybrid performance in heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, batteries, supercapacitors, photovoltaics and sensors, and discusses remaining challenges and future research directions.

Application and Future Challenges of Functional Nanocarbon Hybrids

Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for the detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) were designed based on novel nanostructure electrocatalyst of carbon quantum dots (CQDs)/octahedral cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) nanocomposites. The CQDs/octahedral Cu 2 O nanocomposites has been smoothly by a facile method with ultrasonic treatment and the morphologies of the synthesized materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and powder X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD). Compared to octahedral Cu 2 O, the CQDs/octahedral Cu 2 O exhibited preferable electrocatalysis to the glucose oxidation and H 2 O 2 reduction. Amperometric sensing of glucose was realized with a linear response range from 0.02 to 4.3 mM, a detection limit of 8.4 μM ( S / N  = 3). The interferents of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) was also detected using the CQDs/octahedral Cu 2 O modified electrode, the results showed good selectivity for glucose detection. Besides, the nonenzymatic sensor also has good performance to the electrocatalytic reduction of H 2 O 2 , with a linear response range from 5 μM to 5.3 mM and a detection limit of 2.8 μM ( S / N  = 3). The CQDs/octahedral Cu 2 O nanocomposites have good selectivity for the H 2 O 2 detection with the AA, NaCl and UA.

Carbon quantum dots/octahedral Cu2O nanocomposites for non-enzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide amperometric sensor

Nanomaterial-doped conducting polymers represent a unique class of composite materials that synergizes the advantageous features of nanomaterials and organic conductors, and they have been used in many applications such as electrochemical sensors and energy storage devices. Conducting polymers can be controllably synthesized from various monomers, and during the polymerization process, different nanomaterials offering unique physical and chemical properties can be doped into the formed conducting polymer composites. In this review, we focus on recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on conducting polymers doped with various nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots. Approaches to fabrication of films of these materials are described and sensing applications for different targets are summarized.

Nanomaterial-doped conducting polymers for electrochemical sensors and biosensors

We report on a non-enzymatic amperometric sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It was fabricated by electrodeposition of multi-wall carbon nanotubes and polyaniline along with platinum nanoparticles on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. The modification was probed by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The resulting sensor exhibits a high sensitivity (748.4 μA·mM−1·cm−2), a wide linear range (7.0 μM–2.5 mM), a low detection limit (2.0 μM) (S/N = 3), a short response time (>5 s), and long-term stability, and is not interfered by common species. It was successfully applied to determine H2O2 in disinfectants.

Non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide amperometric sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with an MWCNT/polyaniline composite film and platinum nanoparticles

Three novel hybrid materials have been synthesized by ligands: N-(2-vinylsulfanyl-ethylidene)-benzene-1,2-dimine (SBD), N-pyridin-2-ylmethylene-benzene-1,2-dimine (NBD) and N-furan-2-ylmethylene-benzene-1,2-dimine (OBD), covalently linking to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). These MWCNT hybrid materials were used both as ionophores and as ion-to-electron transducers to construct Ag+ carbon paste electrodes. The resulting electrodes show higher selectivity to Ag+ than other cations tested. Among the three electrodes, the electrode based on SBD-g-MWCNTs with optimum composition shows the best performance to Ag+. It exhibits an excellent Nernstian response to Ag+ in the concentration range from 8.8 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−1 M with a detection limit of 6.3 × 10−8 M, and it can also be used over a wide pH range of 3.0 – 8.0 with a quick response time of 5 s. The response mechanism of the proposed electrode was also investigated by using AC impedance and UV-vis spectroscopy techniques.

Ligand-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for potentiometric detection of silver.

Conjugates of graphene oxide covalently linked ligands and gold nanoparticles to construct silver ion graphene paste electrode.

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Non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide amperometric sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with an MWCNT/polyaniline composite film and platinum nanoparticles

Ligand-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for potentiometric detection of silver.

Conjugates of graphene oxide covalently linked ligands and gold nanoparticles to construct silver ion graphene paste electrode.