Summary Global water stress and challenges for producing sufficient supplies of fit-for-purpose water are amplifying. Atomically engineered interfaces are emerging as a powerful tool in the fabrication of advanced water treatment materials. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and recently developed related methods, such as sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS), offer a tremendously diverse library of chemistries for interface functionalization. Thickness, stoichiometry, and physicochemical properties can be manipulated with precision. We review their fundamental physical chemistry and processing factors. ALD/SIS engineering strategies, including direct deposition, growth with intermediate layers, and secondary treatment are presented with realization of efficient water treatment. We lay out a pathway to establishing an ALD/SIS-based universal functionalization platform for water treatment, including sensitization strategies, in situ regulation, secondary reactions, and simulation/machine learning. We also provide a perspective on ALD/SIS-based interface engineering via synergy with other widely used interface engineering techniques to develop facile, versatile, and energy-efficient strategies for tackling increasingly complex water challenges.

Water treatment based on atomically engineered materials: Atomic layer deposition and beyond

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere human and animal endocrine glands and organs, and thus hazardous effects of the EDCs result in a great environmental challenge for health. Considering their chemical structures with characteristic functional groups and their pharmacological effects in applications, the EDCs as target substrates for degradation can be generally classified into 5 groups, including hormones and steroids containing phenolic hydroxyl/carbonyl groups, pesticides and herbicides with aromatic rings and heterocyclic rings as well as chlorine substituents, additives of personal care products (parabens and phenones), plasticizers (bisphenols and phthalates), and other organic pollutants (PFCs, PCBs, PBDEs, carbamazepine, metformin, phenols, dioxins and PAHs). In this article, the hazards of EDCs and recent advances of photocatalytic degradation (PCD) for the EDCs are summarized and reviewed. Photocatalytic process appears to be a very promising technology in the treatment of EDCs, but the efficiencies are highly relying on performance of the photocatalysts. To evaluate the rates of EDCs photodegradation catalyzed by various as-synthesized and commercial photocatalysts, the catalytic activities of photocatalysts are summarized in terms of unified TOFs (turn over frequencies), and the fundamental photocatalytic mechanisms are discussed. The existence and roles of possible intermediate products during the EDCs degradation are also considered and discussed. There is still a challenge to achieve a maximum mineralization without endocrine disrupting intermediate products and perform high-efficient degradation of EDCs using low-cost solar energy, especially under visible and near-infrared light.

Degradation aspects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: A review on photocatalytic processes and photocatalysts

Cu–TiO2 and pure TiO2 were prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal method and the obtained photocatalysts were tested by XRD, Raman, BET, XPS, DRS, PL, SEM and TEM, respectively. The results show that both pure and Cu–TiO2 consist of most rutile and a small amount of anatase, and present the morphology with nanoparticles, nanobucks and nanorods coexistence. The specific surface area and the separation rate of photogenerated electrons and holes increase after Cu doping. The photocatalytic experiment results illustrate that Cu–TiO2 exhibit better photocatalytic activity than pure TiO2 under simulated solar light. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is derived from the increased specific surface area providing more reaction sites and the conversion between Cu2+ and Cu+ increasing the separation rate of photogenerated pairs. 3%Cu–TiO2 shows the best photocatalytic activity owing to its largest specific surface area and lowest recombination rate. The degradation rate of RhB reaches 99.4% after 60 min, and the reaction rate constant is 0.076 min−1.

One-step hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles/nanobucks/nanorods with enhanced photocatalytic performance under simulated solar light

Substrate-dependent ALD of Cux on TiO2 and its performance in photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Plasma Cu-decorated TiO2-x/CoP particle-level hierarchical heterojunctions with enhanced photocatalytic-photothermal performance.

A stable and highly efficient Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized through atomic layer deposition (ALD). A series of spectroscopic tests confirmed that subnanoscale Cu particles were conformally dispersed on TiO2, and that TiO2 surface states could be modified by controllable Cu particles. The photodegradation of methylene blue and phenol under ultraviolet light was used as a probe for investigating the photocatalytic efficiency of the photocatalyst, and Cu-loaded TiO2 prepared through ALD was discovered to exhibit high and stable activity compared with that prepared through impregnation. These results prove that ALD is an effective strategy for improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2, and that Cu/TiO2 is a photocatalyst that can effectively remove organic pollutants.

Stable and highly efficient Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst prepared through atomic layer deposition

The invention discloses a preparation method of a Cu/TiO2 catalyst, comprising the following steps: (1) introducing a vaporized copper precursor into a gas phase adsorption system in a pulse form to adsorb the copper precursor on the surface of nano-TiO2; (2) purging by introducing an inert gas into the system; (3) introducing a reducing agent into the system to reduce the copper precursor adsorbed on the nano-TiO2 to copper; (4) purging by introducing an inert gas into the system to obtain the Cu/TiO2 catalyst. By the method of the invention, Cu can be uniformly distributed on the surface ofTiO2, not changing the pore structure and specific surface area of TiO2. The catalyst has high shape preservation and catalytic activity, and precise control of Cu content can be achieved.

Preparation method of Cu/TiO2 catalyst

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Stable and highly efficient Cu/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst prepared through atomic layer deposition

Preparation method of Cu/TiO2 catalyst