The concept of smart grid (SG) was made real to give the power grid the functions and features it needs to make a smooth transition towards renewable energy integration and sustainability. This was done by automating and digitizing the grid to give it the right amount of flexibility and reliability, while also giving it the ability to easily handle future changes. The need for SG exponentially increases as more variable renewable energy sources are integrated into the power system, with the power grid and the electricity market gradually being transformed from a centralized to a more distributed form. In this respect, the objective of this review paper is to highlight the pertinent challenges associated with SG that are necessary for its progressive practical realization from the perspective of user-end acceptance as well as operational flexibility for power system planners and operators in terms of regulatory and serviceability needs. Furthermore, it intends to highlight the complexities of power system related to planning, operation, and installation considering renewable integration, such that, the progression and utilization of SG can be quantified while highlighting research gaps that could potentially have a catastrophic impact, such as, standardization and protocols related to contingencies a especially black-start process. Therefore, a bottom-up approach for reviewing SG is carried out in this paper, which provides an in-depth presentation on the description and challenges associated with renewable integration, energy storage systems, security, and interoperability, along with comprehensive discussion on progressive research on their potential solutions and countermeasures. 

Smart grids and renewable energy systems: Perspectives and grid integration challenges

Comprehensive evaluation of regional energy internet using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process based on cloud model: A case in China

We consider the economic dispatch (ED) for an Energy Internet composed of energy routers (ERs), interconnected microgrids, and main grid The microgrid consists of several bus nodes associated with distributed generators (DGs) and intelligent control units (ICUs) We propose a distributed ED algorithm for the grid-connected microgrid, where each ICU iterates the estimated electricity price of the distribution system and the estimation for the average power mismatch of the whole microgrid by leader-following and average-consensus algorithms, respectively The ER iterates the incremental power exchanged with the distribution system By constructing an auxiliary consensus system, we prove that if the communication topology of the Energy Internet contains a spanning tree with the ER as the root and there is a path from each ICU to the ER, then the estimated electricity price of the distribution system converges to its real value, the power supply and demand achieves balance and the ED achieves optimal asymptotically Furthermore, we propose an autonomous distributed ED algorithm covering both grid-connected and isolated modes of the microgrid by feeding back the estimated average power mismatch for updating the incremental costs with penalty factor It is proved that if the communication topology of the microgrid is connected and there exists an ICU bidirectionally neighboring the ER, then the microgrid can switch between the two modes reliably The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms

Distributed Economic Dispatch for Energy Internet Based on Multiagent Consensus Control

To improve the economic benefits of power systems in the process of achieving multi-energy complementation and decarbonization, this paper proposes a dispatching optimization model for virtual power plants (VPP) that considers carbon trading and green certificates. Firstly, the structure of the VPP system integrating wind and solar generators (WP and PV), power-to-gas (P2G), carbon capture power plants (CCPP) and price-based demand response (PBDR) is established. Secondly, the two-way interactive trading models among the VPP, carbon trading and green certification market are constructed. Then, the dispatching optimization model of the VPP is constructed. Finally, the numerical example is solved and analyzed by the chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm, which verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the new model. The results show that: (1) when the VPP considers the CCPP-P2G, the cost of the system is reduced by USD 2550.48, while the CO2 emissions are reduced by nearly 50%; (2) the addition of PBDR reduces the CO2 emissions of the thermal power unit, which has reduced the cost of carbon tax by nearly 27.8%, further reducing the cost of the VPP; (3) the introduction of the carbon trading and green certificate market has reduced the operating cost of the VPP by nearly 22.24%.

Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch Based on a CCPP-P2G Virtual Power Plant Considering Carbon Trading and Green Certificates

Big data has been advocated as a dominant driving force to unleash the great waves of the next-generation industrial revolution. While the ever-increasing proliferation of heterogeneous data contributes to a more sustainable energy system, considerable challenges remain for breaking down the barrier of data sharing across monopolistic sectors and fully exploiting data asset value in a trustworthy environment. Here, we focus on a global aspiration and interest regarding the challenges, techniques, and prospects of data sharing in energy systems. In this paper, a conceptual framework for data sharing is designed, in which we introduce the commodity attribute of data assets and explain the bottlenecks of data trading. Two critical issues, i.e., right confirmation and privacy protection, are then systematically reviewed, which provide a fundamental guarantee for credible data openness. A detailed data market is conceived by elaborating on market bids, data asset valuation and pricing strategy, and game-based clearing. Finally, we conduct a discussion about some low-hanging fruit of data sharing in energy systems. 

Data Sharing in Energy Systems

The Energy Internet is a new energy ecosystem based on electricity with high penetration of renewable energy, high synergy of multiple energy types, high synergy of energy value chains from supply to demand and from planning to operation, and high participation of stakeholders. In this paper, we discuss the background and significance, basic connotation, dynamic development, current domestic and foreign status, scientific issues, and future development of the Energy Internet. The Energy Internet is based on the fusion of Internet Thinking, advanced information technology, energy industry, synergistic energy network, cyber-physical energy system, and innovative energy business models. It supports the energy revolution in achieving green, coordinated, and efficient development and drives the economic growth.

Development status and prospects of the Energy Internet}{Development status and prospects of the Energy Internet

With an increase in the electrification of end-use sectors, various resources on the demand side provide great flexibility potential for system operation, which also leads to problems such as the strong randomness of power consumption behavior, the low utilization rate of flexible resources, and difficulties in cost recovery. With the core idea of “access over ownership”, the concept of the sharing economy has gained substantial popularity in the local energy market in recent years. Thus, we provide an overview of the potential market design for the sharing economy in local energy markets (LEMs) and conduct a detailed review of research related to local energy sharing, enabling technologies, and potential practices. This paper can provide a useful reference and insights for the activation of demand-side flexibility potential. Hopefully, this paper can also provide novel insights into the development and further integration of the sharing economy in LEMs. 

/pdf/sharing-economy-in-local-energy-markets-2ytp0zmm.pdf

Sharing Economy in Local Energy Markets

With an increasing frequency of natural disasters and security attacks, the safe and stable operation of smart grid has been challenged unprecedently. To reduce the economic loss and social impact caused by power outage accidents, it is urgent to develop and improve the smart grid technology, and strengthen the disaster resistance and recovery capability of smart grids when faced with extreme events. As an efficient and flexible secondary energy source, hydrogen is crucial in improving the resilience of smart grid and supporting energy security. To further promote the deep integration of hydrogen systems and smart grid and improve the energy system resilience, the resilience of smart grids supported by hydrogen is assessed in this study. First, a technical framework of hydrogen-powered smart grid resilience is established, and the value of hydrogen-powered smart grid resilience is analysed considering different time frames (before, during and after an extreme event) of smart grids facing extreme events. Then, hydrogen-powered smart grid resilience is investigated from perspectives of pre-prevention regulation, in-process correction regulation, and post-recovery regulation. Finally, future direction for hydrogen-powered smart grid resilience is investigated and related policy suggestions are provided. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/enc2.12083

Hydrogen‐powered smart grid resilience

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Development status and prospects of the Energy Internet}{Development status and prospects of the Energy Internet

Sharing Economy in Local Energy Markets

Data Sharing in Energy Systems

Hydrogen‐powered smart grid resilience