Hydrogen (H2) is one of the best candidates to replace current petroleum energy resources due to its rich abundance and clean combustion. However, the storage of H2 presents a major challenge. There are two methods for storing H2 fuel, chemical and physical, both of which have some advantages and disadvantages. In physical storage, highly porous organic polymers are of particular interest, since they are low cost, easy to scale up, metal-free, and environmentally friendly. In this review, highly porous polymers for H2 fuel storage are examined from five perspectives: (a) brief comparison of H2 storage in highly porous polymers and other storage media; (b) theoretical considerations of the physical storage of H2 molecules in porous polymers; (c) H2 storage in different classes of highly porous organic polymers; (d) characterization of microporosity in these polymers; and (e) future developments for highly porous organic polymers for H2 fuel storage. These topics will provide an introductory overview of highly porous organic polymers in H2 fuel storage.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/4/690/pdf

Highly Porous Organic Polymers for Hydrogen Fuel Storage

This review article summarizes the current situation in the application of nanotechnology to contaminated site remediation. Many types of nanomaterials and nanoparticles have been produced since their discovery. As remediation tools, carbon-based nanomaterial (CNM) sorbents and nanoparticles of zero-valent iron (nZVI) are at the forefront of scientific interest. The most often used CNM sorbents are multiwalled and singlewalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs and SWCNTs), which are only examined under laboratory conditions. nZVI has already been applied to real contaminated sites as an in situ technology through direct injection into aquifers. CNM sorbents can remove both organic contaminants – aliphatic and mono and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, plus inorganic contaminants – such as divalent metal ions (Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ ) from polluted water. Zero-valent iron nanoparticles have been used for the removal of TCE, VOC, nitrates, and uranium. This review shows that these nanomaterials are a promising solution in the field of groundwater remediation, but there are also many unanswered questions regarding the environmental risks of nanoscale materials, which are outlined as well.

The Application of Nanoscale Materials in Groundwater Remediation

Structural, electronic and spectral properties referring to hydrogen storage capacity in binary alloy ScBn (n = 1–12) clusters

Structures and electronic properties of TinV (n = 1–16) clusters have been investigated using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximatio. The calculations have shown that the TinV clusters favor compact spherical structures having similar conformations to the pure Tin clusters. The results show that the vanadium atom remains on the surface when n ⩽ 8 and n = 16, while for n = 9–15, it occupies the endohedral position. The Ti6V, Ti12V, and Ti14V clusters are found to be more stable than their neighbors, consistent with pure Tin clusters that have the same size. Additionally Ti4V has been found to be also magic, consistent with recent reports of B- and Al-doped Ti clusters. Small TinV (n ⩽ 4) clusters exhibit a transition from metallic-like to semimetallic electronic structure, while for n = 5 onward, no significant changes are observed compared with pure Tin clusters.

Structures and Electronic Properties of TinV (n = 1–16) Clusters: First-Principles Calculations

Density functional theory investigation on the structure and stability of Sc2Bn (n = 1–10) clusters

We designed a series of one-dimensional TiBx (x = 2?6) chains used for hydrogen storage. Among them, TiB5 possesses the lowest heat of formation and the highest binding energy, and is the most energetically favorable configuration. The binding energy per atom in TiB5 is even larger than that in a Ti dimer, which suggests the preference of Ti atoms to combine with B5 clusters rather than clustering. Each Ti atom in the TiB5 chain can host four hydrogen molecules (corresponding to a hydrogen storage capacity of 7.3?wt%) with an average binding energy of 43.7?kJ?mol ? 1/H2. The significant charge transfer and strong Kubas ??H2 interaction between H2 and Ti atoms contribute to the ideal dihydrogen binding energies.

Hydrogen storage behavior of one-dimensional TiBx chains

Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials for H2 Storage

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Hydrogen storage behavior of one-dimensional TiBx chains

Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials for H2 Storage