Microwave foaming was used for the first time to rapidly fabricate the metakaolin-based porous geopolymers. Mechanical, thermal, and microstructural (optical and scanning electron microscope) investigations coupled with X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were conducted to characterize the obtained foams. High porosity metakaolin-based porous geopolymers could be obtained at 4 min of foaming/curing. The effect of the sodium silicate solution content on the total porosity as well as the mechanical and thermal properties was investigated. The total porosity decreased firstly and then increased in the range of ∼74 to ∼84 vol% with the increase of Na2SiO3 content. The foams with 47.7 wt% Na2SiO3 exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity (0.104 W/mK) and the highest total porosity (83.2 vol%). The fabrication time, mechanical, and thermal properties were compared with those of foams obtained by the conventional direct foaming method. With this approach, the preparation time can be greatly reduced, and the compressive strength (1.89–2.04 MPa) and thermal conductivity (0.104–0.155 W/mK) of the materials obtained were not inferior to similar components obtained by other foaming routes. The rapidly obtained porous geopolymers with high porosity and high strength as well as low thermal conductivity can be employed as thermal insulation materials and ceramic precursors. 

Rapid fabrication of porous metakaolin-based geopolymer via microwave foaming

MXenes/CNTs-based hybrids: Fabrications, mechanisms, and modification strategies for energy and environmental applications

The poor interfacial properties and weavability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites stem from the surface chemical inertness and low wear resistance of carbon fiber (CF). Herein, we developed an effective approach to fabricate the CF@Polydimethylsiloxane/MXene (CF@PDMS/MXene) using ultrasound-assisted techniques, to improve both wear resistance and interfacial properties. The effectiveness of the modified treatment was assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), microscopic confocal laser Raman spectrometer (Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The success of the graft was evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the composite was evaluated through fiber pull-out experiments. Different weight ratios of MXene nanoparticles were employed during the grafting process to investigate their impact on surface morphology, wear resistance, and interfacial properties. The results demonstrated that CF@PDMS/MXene-1.5 wt% exhibited a residual fracture tensile strength 14.8 % higher than desized CF when the MXene concentration was increased to 1.5 wt%. Additionally, the IFSS of CF@PDMS/MXene-1.5 wt% was observed to be 113 % greater than desized CF. Consequently, this novel modification strategy holds great promise for enhancing the mechanical performance of CFRP composites. 

Synergistically enhancing weavability and interface behavior by applying PDMS/MXene on carbon fiber surface through ultrasound assistance

The liable interfacial delamination of carbon fiber composites is a long-lasting problem that restricts its widely application. One promising route is to hybridize fiber with nano-particles on account of their prominent mechanical properties and huge specific surface area, while trial using biobased nanoparticles are in its infancy. Mussel adhered firmly to the reef relies on its bushy byssal threads, which correlates with chelation of ferric ions with catechol-containing proteins. Inspired by this, we deposited synergistic bio-based polydopamine (PDA)-Fe complex nanospheres and silane coupling agent on carbon fiber by simply impregnation, which delivers increment of 56.4% in interfacial shear strength (IFSS) in epoxy matrix relative to untreated fiber composites. Results suggest that the improved epoxy wetting behavior that imparts full infiltration, the excellent adhesivity that eliminates weak interface layer, as well as strong but reversible PDA-Fe chelate crosslinks that advance tress transfer and energy dissipation, which are critical to IFSS growth. This work provides a new and attractive bio-nanomaterial of PDA-Fe in interfacial engineering of composites. 

New strategy for enhancing interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and epoxy by using mussel-inspired polydopamine-Fe complex nanospheres

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been widely used for the construction of functional materials with enhanced properties and functions. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of carbon fiber (CF)-based composites through the modification of CFs with 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets via the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, which is assisted by the bridge crosslinking of poly(3-glycidyloxypropyldimethoxymethylsilane) (pGPDMS). It is found that the Ti3C2Tx/pGPDMS hierarchical structure provides powerful mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding interactions between CFs and the epoxy (EP) matrix, contributing to the formation of high-quality interface materials of CF/EP composites. Compared with unmodified CF/EP composites, the fabricated Ti3C2Tx/pGPDMS-CF/EP composites with four-layer Ti3C2Tx nanosheets exhibit the largest interfacial shear strength with an increase of 82.2%. In addition, the surface energy and compatibility of CFs are greatly improved. This study presents a potential strategy to construct hierarchical structure via 2D material modification and LbL assembly, and shows successful pathway to enhance the interfacial and mechanical performance of CF/EP composites. 

Layer-by-layer assembling MXene /poly(3-glycidyloxypropyldimethoxymethylsilane) hierarchical structure onto carbon fibers for high-performance carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Layer-by-layer macroassembly of inorganic CNTs and MXenes with organic PVA for enhancing the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Ca2+-based metal-organic framework as enzyme preparation to promote the catalytic activity of amylase

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop across the world. It is considered as a moderately drought tolerant plant, however, its yield is still negatively affected by drought stress. Improving drought tolerance is of the outmost important for breeding. Although several studies have documented the relationship between the sunflower phenotype and genotype under drought stress, but relatively few studies have simultaneously investigated the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in the sunflower at different growth stages. In this study, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for different sunflower traits during the germination and seedling stages. Eighteen phenotypic traits were evaluated under well-watered and drought stress conditions. We determined that the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and root-to-shoot ratio can be used as effective indexes for drought tolerance selection and breeding. A total of 33 QTLs were identified on eight chromosomes (PVE: 0.016%–10.712% with LOD: 2.017–7.439). Within the confidence interval of the QTL, we identified 60 putative drought-related genes. Four genes located on chromosome 13 may function in both germination and seedling stages for drought response. Genes LOC110898128, LOC110898092, LOC110898071, and LOC110898072 were annotated as aquaporin SIP1-2-like, cytochrome P450 94C1, GABA transporter 1-like, and GABA transporter 1-like isoform X2, respectively. These genes will be used for further functional validation. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of the sunflower’s in response to drought stress. At the same time, it lays a foundation for sunflower drought tolerance breeding and genetic improvement.

Analysis of QTL mapping for germination and seedling response to drought stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Rapid fabrication of coal gangue-based alkali activated foams and application as pH regulators

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Layer-by-layer macroassembly of inorganic CNTs and MXenes with organic PVA for enhancing the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Ca2+-based metal-organic framework as enzyme preparation to promote the catalytic activity of amylase

Analysis of QTL mapping for germination and seedling response to drought stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Rapid fabrication of coal gangue-based alkali activated foams and application as pH regulators