Simple Summary Aquaculture is now well-established as a provider of protein for human consumption, and its contribution will be paramount to providing food for a nine billion population in 2050. Protein is usually the major constituent of fish feeds and the most expensive ingredient. For years, fishmeal was the preferential protein source in fish diets, but environmental and economic concerns led to the search for more sustainable proteins. Hence, research on alternative protein sources to fishmeal was fruitful, being firstly directed to terrestrial plant ingredients. Recently, research on novel ingredients, such as insect meals, macroalgae, microalgae, and yeasts, has proliferated. However, the impacts of protein and its constituents (amino acids) go beyond fish growth. Thus, this review will provide knowledge on the impacts of alternative/novel protein sources on fish stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and health. Although some negative impacts of alternative ingredients, for instance, on gut integrity and immune responses have been observed, research results also point to the potential beneficial effects of novel ingredients, such as insect meals, on fish health. This information is essential to the development of innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions. Abstract Aquaculture has been challenged to find alternative ingredients to develop innovative feed formulations that foster a sustainable future growth. Given the most recent trends in fish feed formulation on the use of alternative protein sources to decrease the dependency of fishmeal, it is fundamental to evaluate the implications of this new paradigm for fish health and welfare. This work intends to comprehensively review the impacts of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish gut microbiota and health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity. The research results indicate that alternative protein sources, such as terrestrial plant proteins, rendered animal by-products, insect meals, micro- and macroalgae, and single cell proteins (e.g., yeasts), may negatively impact gut microbiota and health, thus affecting immune and stress responses. Nevertheless, some of the novel protein sources, such as insects and algae meals, have functional properties and may exert an immunostimulatory activity. Further research on the effects of novel protein sources, beyond growth, is clearly needed. The information gathered here is of utmost importance, in order to develop innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions, thus contributing to a sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.

/pdf/alternative-proteins-for-fish-diets-implications-beyond-22khmoob.pdf

Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth

The use of microalgae as aquafeed to replace fish meal for fish/shrimp culture is a very hot topic in aquaculture industry. This work discusses the necessity and importance of use microalgae biomass and bio-products as aquafeed and introduces specific methods to produce microalgae-based aquafeed. In addition, specific effects of microalgae-based aquafeed on the growth, immune response, disease resistance, and pigmentation of aquatic animals are evaluated. Last but not the least, an in-depth discussion of the biosynthesis of high-value components, including astaxanthin, PUFAs, and phycocyanin, in algal cells is provided. Hence, this review paper covers the aspects of microalgae cultivation, high-value components induction, and biomass utilization, demonstrating the essential technologies of applying microalgae as aquafeed and the effects of microalgae-rich diet on aquatic animals. In a real-world application, the use of microalgae biomass and bio-products as aquafeed for aquaculture is challenged by some problems, such as bioaccumulation of heavy metals, poor digestibility of algal biomass, anti-nutritional factors, and high cost of biomass utilization. In this paper, potential solutions to the aforementioned problems are discussed. It is expected that in the coming future, with the improvement of technologies, microalgae biomass can be a promising alternative of fish meal in aquaculture.

The application of microalgae biomass and bio-products as aquafeed for aquaculture

Dietary sodium butyrate supplementation improves fish growth, intestinal microbiota composition, and liver health in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed high-fat diets

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2022.03.003

Effects of fish meal replacement with Chlorella meal on growth performance, pigmentation, and liver health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Microalgae with immunomodulatory effects on fish

The aim of the study is to investigate whether dietary Chlorella sorokiniana supplementation could improve growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three isonitrogenous (47%) and isolipidic (16.5%) diets supplemented with 0% (Control), 5% (5% CS), and 10% C. sorokiniana meal (10% CS) were assigned to O. mykiss (three replicates per diet, 30 fish in each replicate, initial body weight 165.24 ± 0.46 g). The results indicated that O. mykiss fed with 5% CS diet had an increased feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR), and weight gain rate (WGR) compared to the control (P < 0.05). Dietary 5% or 10% C. sorokiniana supplementation significantly increased activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and catalase (CAT) in the liver and head kidney. In addition, dietary supplementation with 10% C. sorokiniana also significantly increased activity level of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and simultaneously decreased contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and head kidney. Furthermore, fish fed with 5% CS or 10 CS diet demonstrated increased activity level of lysozyme (LYZ), higher content of immunoglobulin M (IgM), and upregulated transcriptional expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), hepcidin (HEP), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the head kidney. Based on fish growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immune response, dietary supplementation of 5% C. sorokiniana was recommended.

Effect of dietary supplementation with Chlorella sorokiniana meal on the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effect of dietary supplementation with filamentous microalga Tribonema ultriculosum on growth performance, fillet quality and immunity of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jwas.12839

Effects of dietary supplementation with filamentous microalgae (Oedocladium sp. or Tribonema ultriculosum) on growth performance, fillet fatty acid composition, skin pigmentation, and immune response of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

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Effect of dietary supplementation with Chlorella sorokiniana meal on the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effect of dietary supplementation with filamentous microalga Tribonema ultriculosum on growth performance, fillet quality and immunity of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Effects of dietary supplementation with filamentous microalgae (Oedocladium sp. or Tribonema ultriculosum) on growth performance, fillet fatty acid composition, skin pigmentation, and immune response of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco