<h2>Abstract</h2> Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) distribute in different fungal phyla with variable host ranges and play essential role in regulating insect populations by infecting hosts via cuticle penetration. The representative ascomycete EPF of <i>Metarhizium</i> and <i>Beauveria</i> species have been widely used in mechanistic investigations of fungus–insect interactions and as ecofriendly mycoinsecticides. Here, we review the function of diverse genes, pathways, and secondary metabolites associated with EPF stepwise infections. In particular, emerging evidence has shown that EPF have to outcompete insect ectomicrobiotas prior to penetrating cuticles, and subvert or evade host antifungal immunity by using effector-like proteins and chemicals like plant pathogens. Future prospects are discussed for a better understanding of fungal pathobiology, which will provide novel insights into microbe–animal interactions. 

Fungal infection of insects: molecular insights and prospects.

Bacterial transfers from plants to insect herbivore guts have been well investigated. However, bacterial exchanges between plant phyllospheres and insect cuticles remain unclear, as does their related biological function.Here, we report that the cuticular bacterial loads of silkworm larvae quickly increased after molting and feeding on the white mulberry (Morus alba) leaves. The isolation and examination of silkworm cuticular bacteria identified one bacterium Mammaliicoccus sciuri that could completely inhibit the spore germination of fungal entomopathogens Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. Interestingly, Ma. sciuri was evident originally from mulberry leaves, which could produce a secreted chitinolytic lysozyme (termed Msp1) to damage fungal cell walls. In consistency, the deletion of Msp1 substantially impaired bacterial antifungal activity. Pretreating silkworm larvae with Ma. sciuri cells followed by fungal topical infections revealed that this bacterium could help defend silkworms against fungal infections. Unsurprisingly, the protective efficacy of ΔMsp1 was considerably reduced when compared with that of wild-type bacterium. Administration of bacterium-treated diets had no negative effect on silkworm development; instead, bacterial supplementation could protect the artificial diet from Aspergillus contamination.The results of this study evidence that the cross-kingdom transfer of bacteria from plant phyllospheres to insect herbivore cuticles can help protect insects against fungal parasite attacks. Video Abstract. 

From phyllosphere to insect cuticles: silkworms gather antifungal bacteria from mulberry leaves to battle fungal parasite attacks

To evaluate the effect and mechanism of inoculant compost on vegetable growth under soilless culture, romaine lettuces were planted in the growing media with different volume ratios of Bacillus safensis YM1 compost. The results demonstrated that the physical and chemical characteristics of the growing media containing B. safensis YM1 compost supported the lettuce growth. The recommended ratio for YM1 compost addition was 20–40%. The addition of YM1 compost dramatically affected the microbial community richness and composition in the lettuce rhizosphere media, with a total of 254 and 97 biomarker taxa for the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. The enrichment of some beneficial microbial groups (Bacillus) and the inhibition of harmful microorganisms (Acremonium, Plectosphaerella, and Penicillium) increased the nutrient cycling of the rhizosphere media microenvironment, which is a crucial factor for YM1 compost to promote lettuce growth. Here, we provide evidence that YM1 compost was safe and hygienic, free of heavy metals and common infectious pathogens, and that it may be used in agriculture. The findings could serve as a scientific basis for formulating an application standard for growing media derived from inoculant compost. 

Enhancing lettuce growth and rhizosphere microbial community with Bacillus safensis YM1 compost in soilless cultivation: An agricultural approach for kitchen waste utilization

Abstract There have been few case studies of the relationship between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the East Asian climate before the pre-industrial era with limited anthropogenic impacts. Using the CESM Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME) simulation with reconstruction evidence, we showed that there was an interdecadal transition of the summer precipitation in East China, with the pattern of “southern flooding and northern drought” in the mid-18th century. The interdecadal transition was influenced by PDO, as suggested by both the reconstruction evidence and simulation. Corresponding to the positive PDO phase change, the East Asia-Pacific pattern teleconnection wave train propagated northward and modulated the circulation and precipitation in East China, together with the southward movement of the East Asian westerly jet. The volcanic double or clustered eruptions are thought to have played a crucial role on the shift of the PDO phase and the decadal summer climate change over East China during the mid-18th century. Incorporating volcanic activity in a reasonable manner would likely improve decadal simulations of East Asian climate in the past and predictions in the future. 

pdf/pdo-influenced-interdecadal-summer-precipitation-change-over-2x3kk90jif.pdf

PDO influenced interdecadal summer precipitation change over East China in mid-18th century

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of most recent glacial advancement and had pronounced cooling effect in the North Atlantic region. Synchronous hydroclimate changes are also reported from the Himalayas, however owing to the heterogeneity within the proxy reconstructions, their relationship with LIA cooling is unclear. Varied topography, huge glacial mass, and multiple moisture sources (both from the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and the Westerlies) makes understanding of the impact of LIA cooling on this region ambiguous. In this study, we review and assess the existing paleoclimatic proxy records for a comprehensive analysis of the regional response of the Western Himalayas to LIA cooling. Using the existing meteorological reanalysis data for back trajectory analysis for the last 20 years, the Western Himalayan region was classified into three different zones based on the relative percentage of moisture-bearing-wind-source contribution. The upper Western Himalayas receive most of the moisture from the Westerlies, both Middle and Lower Western Himalayas receive majority of rainfall from the ISM, with a relatively higher contribution of Westerlies in the Lower Western Himalayas. Comparison of reconstructions using Principal Component Analysis reveal consistent high moisture conditions during the LIA, with increased winter precipitation and decreased summer precipitation coherently in all the records. Spectral analysis of the available proxy records and various climate forcing for LIA cooling show similar dominant frequency, attesting that the LIA cooling drove the hydroclimate changes in the Western Himalayan region. External forcings such as decreased solar activity and increased volcanic activity caused cooling, influenced the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, and resulted in weaker summer rainfall during the LIA. Synchronous changes in the North Atlantic Oscillations and El Niño–Southern Oscillation records with precipitation records suggest a link between “monsoon breaks” and enhanced Westerly intensity and an intensified winter precipitation in this region.

Assessing the hydroclimate changes in Western Himalayas during the Little Ice Age

The Asian–Pacific oscillation over the past millennium in PMIP3 and PMIP4

Promotion of Arabidopsis immune responses by a rhizosphere fungus via supply of pipecolic acid to plants and selective augment of phytoalexins

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The Asian–Pacific oscillation over the past millennium in PMIP3 and PMIP4

Promotion of Arabidopsis immune responses by a rhizosphere fungus via supply of pipecolic acid to plants and selective augment of phytoalexins