Chrysophanol is a unique anthraquinone having broad-spectrum therapeutic potential along with ecological importance. It is the first polyketide that has been reported to be biosynthesized in an organism-specific manner. The traditional Chinese and Korean medicinal systems provide evidence of the beneficial effects of chrysophanol on human health. The global distribution of chrysophanol encountered in two domains of life (bacteria and eukaryota) has motivated researchers to critically evaluate the properties of this compound. A plethora of literature is available on the pharmacological properties of chrysophanol, which include anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antimicrobial activities. However, the pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies on chrysophanol demand further investigations for it to be used as a drug. This is the first comprehensive review on the natural sources, biosynthetic pathways, and pharmacology of chrysophanol. Here we reviewed recent advancements made on the pharmacokinetics of the chrysophanol. Additionally, we have highlighted the knowledge gaps of its mechanism of action against diseases and toxicity aspects.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/2/68/pdf

Chrysophanol: A Natural Anthraquinone with Multifaceted Biotherapeutic Potential.

Review of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling.

A reproducible analytical system based on the multi-component analysis of triterpene acids in Ganoderma lucidum.

Simple gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for quantifying eight volatile compounds and 10 sesquiterpenoids, respectively. GC–MS analysis was performed on an HP-5MS capillary column (30 m30.25 mm i.d.) coated with 0.25 mm film 5% phenyl – 95% methylpolysiloxane and selected ion monitoring was used for quantification. Four volatile and previously unquantified monoterpenoids were determined. HPLC analysis was performed on a C18 column with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The proposed method, determined 10 non-polar and polar sesquiterpenoids simultaneously, which covered a wider polar range of analytes and had a more perfect resolution. Among them, five sesquiterpenoids were not determined before and some specific components, (4S,5S)germacrone-4,5-epoxide, curcumenone and dehydrocurdione were completely separated for the first time. Both methods were validated for linearity, limit of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy, recovery and system suitability. The methods were simple, effective, reliable and successfully applied to global detection and analysis of volatile and non-volatile components of steamed and non-steamed rhizomes of Curcuma wenyujin (Wen-E-Zhu (WEZ) and Pian-JiangHuang (PJH)). Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to distinguish PJH and WEZ and seven chemical components, including (4S,5S)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, curcumenone, b-elemene, curzerene, borneol, isoborneol and camphor, were screened as chemical markers. The present study provided a promising method for accurate discrimination of the herbal medicines with the same origin.

Quantitative analysis and discrimination of steamed and non-steamed rhizomes of Curcuma wenyujin by GC-MS and HPLC.

Some Curcuma species are widely used as herbal medicines. Sesquiterpenes are their important bioactive compounds and their quantitative analysis is generally accomplished by gas chromatography (GC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but the instability and high cost of some sesquiterpene reference standards have limited their application. It is necessary to find a practicable means to control the quality of herbal medicines. Using one stable component contained in Curcuma species to determine multiple analogues should be a practical option. In this study, a simple HPLC method for determination of sesquiterpenes using relative response factors (RRFs) has been developed. The easily available and stable active component curdione was selected as the reference compound for calculating the RRFs of the other eight sesquiterpenes, including zedoarondiol (Zedo), isozedoarondiol (Isoz), aerugidiol (Aeru), (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide (Epox), curcumenone (Curc), neocurdione (Neoc), germacrone (Germ) and furanodiene (Fura). Their RRFs against curdione were between 0.131–1.301, with a good reproducibility. By using the RRFs, the quantification of sesquiterpenes in Curcuma wenyujin herbal medicines and related products was carried out. The method is especially useful for the determination of (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, curcumenone, germacrone and furanodiene, which often are regarded as the principle components in Curcuma species, but unstable when were purified. It is an ideal means to analyze the components for which reference standards are not readily available.

Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Sesquiterpenes in Curcuma wenyujin Herbal Medicines and Related Products with One Single Reference Standard

Objective To compare the contents and composition of volatile oil of Wenyujin (steamed root of Curcuma wenyujin) Wenezhu (steamed rhieome of Curcuma wenyujin) and Pianjianghuang (rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin). Method The volatile oils of three herbal medicines obtained by steam distillation were determined according to the method described in the appendix XD in Chinese pharmacopoeia and identified by GC-MS. Result The average contents of volatile oil of Wenyujin, Wenezhu and Pianjianghuang were 0.56, 1.99 and 0.94 microL x g(-1), respectively. A total of 60 compounds were identified by GC-MS. The amounts of chemical components separated and identified in Wenyujin, Wenezhu and Pianjianghuang were 41, 41 and 40, respectively. Three medicines share a great deal of similarity, chemically and genetically. Low boiling point essential oil compositions Wenyujin and Wenezhu were similar. While the higher boiling point essential oil compositions of Wenyujin and Wenezhu were similar. And the essential oil compositions of Wenyujin and Pianjianghuang were distinct. Conclusion Although coming from the same origin, the composition of essential oil from different part of the plant or various process were discrepant, which lead to rather distinct clinical efficacy.

[Essential oil composition of three herbal medicines from Curcuma wenyujin by GC-MS].

Objective To establish a new quantitative method for simultaneous determination of multi-coumarins in Fraxini Cortex by using one chemical reference substance, and validate its feasibilities. Method The new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by singer-marker (QAMS), was established and validated with Fraxini Cortex. Four main coumarins were selected as analytes to evaluate the quality and their relative correlation factors (RCF) were determined by HPLC-DAD. Within the linear range, the values of RCF at 340 nm of aesculin to asculetin, fraxin and fraxetin were 1.771, 0.799, 1.409, respectively. And the contents of aesculin in samples of Fraxini Cortex were authentically determined by the external standard method, and the contents of the three other coumarins were calculated by their RCF. The contents of these four coumarins in all samples were also determined by the external standard method. Result Within a certain range, the RCF had a good reproducibility (RSD 2.5%-3.9%). Significant differences were not observed between the quantitative results of two methods. Conclusion It is feasible and suitable to evaluate the quality of Fraxini Cortex and its Yinpian by QAMS.

Quantitative method for simultaneous assay of four coumarins with one marker in Fraxini Cortex

OBJECTIVE To establish a quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-component with a single-marker (QAMS) to determine the contents of four rhubarb anthraquinones in Sanhuang tablets. METHOD Emodin was used as the internal reference substance, the relative correlation factors (RCF) of rhein, chrysophanol and physcion to emodin were calculated and evaluated. The contents of these four anthraquinones were determined by the external standard method and QAMS, respectively. Rationality, feasibility and repeatability of the QAMS method was verified by comparing the results obtained from the two different methods. RESULT RCFs of rhein, chrysophanol and physcion to emodin against Sanhuang tablets were 1.13, 1.46 and 1.01, respectively, indicating good reproducibilities. The two methods did not show significant difference in results. CONCLUSION The QAMS method can be used a new quality assessment model for quantity of anthraquinones in Sanhuang tablets.

Determination of four anthraquinones in Sanhuang tablets by QAMS

OBJECTIVE To establish a new quantitative method for simultaneous determination of multi-components in Salvia miltiorrhiza by using one chemical reference substance and validate its feasibilities. METHODS The new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by singer-marker (QAMS), was established and validated with S. miltiorrhiza . Five main ingredients were selected as analytes to evaluate the quatity and their relative correlation factors (RCF) were determined by HPLC-DAD. Within the linear range, the values of RCF at 280 nm of sodium danshensu to protocatechuic aldehyde, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B were 7.559, 2.901, 1.825 and 1.746, respectively. The contents of danshensu in the samples of S. miltiorrhiza were determined by using the external standard method, and the contents of the four other ingredients were calculated by their RCFS. The contents of these four ingredients in all samples were also determined by the external standard method. RESULT Within a certain range, the RCFs showed good reproducibility (RSD 1.0%-2.5%). No significant differences were observed between the quantitative results of the two methods. CONCLUSION It is feasible and suitable to evaluate the quality of S. miltiorrhiza and its processed products by QAMS.

A quantitative method for simultaneous assay of five ingredients with one marker in Salvia miltiorrhiza

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[Essential oil composition of three herbal medicines from Curcuma wenyujin by GC-MS].

Quantitative method for simultaneous assay of four coumarins with one marker in Fraxini Cortex

Determination of four anthraquinones in Sanhuang tablets by QAMS

A quantitative method for simultaneous assay of five ingredients with one marker in Salvia miltiorrhiza