MoS2-based nanocomposites for cancer diagnosis and therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment by combining light and a photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for cellular damage, and is used to treat cancer and infectious diseases. In this review, we focus on recent advances in design of new photosensitizers for increased production of ROS and in genetic engineering of biological photosensitizers to study cellular signaling pathways. A new concept has been proposed that PDT-induced acute inflammation can mediate neutrophil infiltration to deliver therapeutics in deep tumor tissues. Combination of PDT and immunotherapies (neutrophil-mediated therapeutic delivery) has shown the promising translation of PDT for cancer therapies. Furthermore, a new area in PDT is to treat bacterial infections to overcome the antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we have discussed the new directions of PDT for therapies of cancer and infectious diseases. In summary, we believe that rational design and innovations in nanomaterials may have a great impact on translation of PDT in cancer and infectious diseases. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.

Recent advances in photodynamic therapy for cancer and infectious diseases

2-Pyridone-functionalized Aza-BODIPY photosensitizer for imaging-guided sustainable phototherapy

Inorganic nanomaterials with intrinsic singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) generation capacity, are emerged yet dynamically developing materials as nano-photosensitizers (NPSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Compared to previously reported nanomaterials that have been used as either carriers to load organic PSs or energy donors to excite the attached organic PSs through a Foster resonance energy transfer process, these NPSs possess intrinsic 1 O2 generation capacity with extremely high 1 O2 quantum yield (e.g., 1.56, 1.3, 1.26, and 1.09) than any classical organic PS reported to date, and thus are facilitating to make a revolution in PDT. In this review, the recent advances in the development of various inorganic nanomaterials as NPSs, including metal-based (gold, silver, and tungsten), metal oxide-based (titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth oxyhalide), metal sulfide-based (copper and molybdenum sulfide), carbon-based (graphene, fullerene, and graphitic carbon nitride), phosphorus-based, and others (hybrids and MXenes-based NPSs) are summarized, with an emphasis on the design principle and 1 O2 generation mechanism, and the photodynamic therapeutic performance against different types of cancers. Finally, the current challenges and an outlook of future research are also discussed. This review may provide a comprehensive account capable of explaining recent progress as well as future research of this emerging paradigm.

Inorganic Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodynamic Therapy

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as a novel category of nanomaterials and a potential alternate to graphene, are attracting great interest of researchers, because of their strong conductivi...

Functionalized MoS2-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Phototherapy and Other Biomedical Applications

Theranostics that combines the disease diagnosis with treatment is of promising application in the foreground of personalized medicine to achieve a precise treatment with minimum side effects. In this work, we strategically designed a “four-in-one” theranostic nanoplatform for realizing the desired imaging-guided phototherapy, in which functions of fluorescent imaging, photoacoustic imaging tomography (PAT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) were implemented by bioconjugated MoS2 nanosheets. The protagonist of MoS2 is a light-harvesting material in the near-infrared (NIR) region, which would produce localized hyperthermia at the tumor site to trigger the photothermal therapy effect for the tumor ablation as well as a PAT signal to depict the tumor concurrently upon NIR excitation. To our surprise, MoS2 has been found to be a photosensitizer for the cancer PDT treatment as well. Moreover, bovine serum albumin (BSA) decoration on MoS2 has been made to improve biocompatibility, which also allowed further conjugation with a fluorescent molecule of Cy5.5 to endow the overall nanoplatform with fluorescence imaging and monitoring features. On the basis of the above characters, great successes in cancer imaging and tumor photoablation were achieved in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Innovatively, B-ultrasonography and MRI imaging were employed to monitor the elimination process of solid tumor after treatment, which clearly revealed a liquefaction necrosis process for rehabilitation. In short, MoS2 represents a nanoplatform of this work and manifested huge advantages in the cancer theranostics.

MoS2-Based multipurpose theranostic nanoplatform: realizing dual-imaging-guided combination phototherapy to eliminate solid tumor via a liquefaction necrosis process

Being an encouraging approach with high selectivity and minor side-effects, imaging-guided phototherapy for cancer treatment has attracted lots of research interest. Wherein particularly important is the development of a novel agent that favors cancer imaging and phototherapy in one. In this study, urchin-like tungsten suboxide nanomaterials (WOs) were synthesized for photothermal (PT) and photodynamic (PD) combined cancer treatment, as well as photoacoustic (PA) imaging to depict tumors. On the basis of strong photoabsorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region, the WOs exhibit high photothermal conversion and singlet-oxygen generation efficiency, and thus can achieve dual effects of PT and PD therapies, resulting in severe cancer cell death and apoptosis as proved by in vitro assays. Further in vivo experiments with HeLa tumor-bearing nude mice reveal that WOs have an effective photoablation outcome for malignant tumors under 1064 nm NIR light irradiation, whereas there is no obvious systematical toxicity for major organs and no hematological disorders. Finally, WOs could also function as excellent PA agents in consideration of their rapid and significant PA signal enhancement in the tumor region. Altogether, our research work demonstrates the potential of WOs as a multifunctional nanoagent for PA imaging-guided PT and PD cancer therapy.

Urchin-like tungsten suboxide for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal and photodynamic cancer combination therapy

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MoS2-Based multipurpose theranostic nanoplatform: realizing dual-imaging-guided combination phototherapy to eliminate solid tumor via a liquefaction necrosis process

Urchin-like tungsten suboxide for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal and photodynamic cancer combination therapy