Boundary layer wind structure from observations on a 325 m tower

This article reviews existing papers and presents considerations about wind loads on heliostats and trough collectors. Research efforts all over the world have focused, for decades, on the evaluation and reduction of wind loads on heliostats and trough collectors. However, the subject continues to be a live issue, since scientists are attempting to find a low-cost and highly accurate solution. In this paper, we will review the effects of wind loads on heliostats and trough collectors, considering wind flow characteristics, turbulence intensity and the Reynolds number, the aspect ratio, porosity and mirror gap, wind loads on isolated collectors and on collector fields, and the effects of wind on beam quality. This review is expected to be of use to researchers and engineers involved in the analysis and design of heliostats and trough collectors.

A review of wind loads on heliostats and trough collectors

High-resolution wind data were acquired from a 100-m high offshore tower during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit in September, 2008. The meteorological tower was equipped with an ultrasonic anemometer and a number of cup anemometers at heights between 10 and 100 m. Wind characteristics of the strong typhoon, such as mean wind speed and wind direction, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral length scale, gust factor and power spectra of wind velocity, vertical profiles of mean wind speed were investigated in detail based on the wind data recorded during the strong typhoon. The measured results revealed that the wind characteristics in different stages during the typhoon varied remarkably. Through comparison with non-typhoon wind measurements, the phenomena of enhanced levels of turbulence intensity, gust factors, turbulence integral length scale and spectral magnitudes in typhoon boundary layer were observed. The monitored data and analysis results are expected to be useful for the wind-resistant design of offshore structures and buildings on seashores in typhoon-prone regions.

https://www.techno-press.org/samplejournal/pdf/was1501001.pdf

Wind characteristics of a strong typhoon in marine surfaceboundary layer

This paper investigates the vertical profiles of horizontal mean wind speed and direction based on the synchronized measurements from a Doppler radar profiler and an anemometer during 16 tropical cyclones at a coastal site in Hong Kong. The speed profiles with both open sea and hilly exposures were found to follow the log-law below a height of 500 m. Above this height, there was an additional wind speed shear in the profile for hilly upwind terrain. The fitting parameters with both the power-law and the log-law varied with wind strength. The direction profiles were also sensitive to local terrain setups and surrounding topographic features. For a uniform open sea terrain, wind direction veered logarithmically with height from the surface level up to the free atmospheric altitude of about 1200 m. The accumulated veering angle within the whole boundary layer was observed to be 30o. Mean wind direction under other terrain conditions also increased logarithmically with height above 500 m with a trend of rougher exposures corresponding to lager veering angles. A number of empirical parameters for engineering applications were presented, including the speed adjustment factors, power exponents of speed profiles, and veering angle, etc. The objective of this study aims to provide useful information on boundary layer wind characteristics for wind-resistant design of high-rise structures in coastal areas.

Wind profiles of tropical cyclones as observed by Doppler wind profiler and anemometer

A robust biomimetic blade design for micro wind turbines

This paper presents statistical analysis results of wind speed and atmospheric turbulence data measured from more than 30 anemometers installed at 15 different height levels on 325 m high Beijing Meteorological Tower and is primarily intended to provide useful information on boundary layer wind characteristics for wind-resistant design of tall buildings and high-rise structures. Profiles of mean wind
speed are presented based on the field measurements and are compared with empirical models\' predictions. Relevant parameters of atmospheric boundary layer at urban terrain are determined from the measured wind speed profiles. Furthermore, wind velocity data in longitudinal, lateral and vertical directions, which were recorded from an ultrasonic anemometer during windstorms, are analyzed and
discussed. Atmospheric turbulence information such as turbulence intensity, gust factor, turbulence integral
length scale and power spectral densities of the three-dimensional fluctuating wind velocity are presented and used to evaluate the adequacy of existing theoretical and empirical models. The objective of this study is to investigate the profiles of mean wind speed and atmospheric turbulence characteristics over a typical urban area.

Field monitoring of boundary layer wind characteristics in urban area

Observation of wind profile and analysis of atmosphere boundary layer in urban areas

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Field monitoring of boundary layer wind characteristics in urban area

Observation of wind profile and analysis of atmosphere boundary layer in urban areas