Applications in Theranostics Guanying Chen,*,†,‡ Hailong Qiu,†,‡ Paras N. Prasad,*,‡,§ and Xiaoyuan Chen* †School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China ‡Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2281, United States

Upconversion Nanoparticles: Design, Nanochemistry, and Applications in Theranostics

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals enable anti-Stokes emission with pump intensities several orders of magnitude lower than required by conventional nonlinear optical techniques. Their exceptional properties, namely large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emission spectra and long excited-state lifetimes, have led to a diversity of applications. Here, we review upconversion nanocrystals from the perspective of fundamental concepts and examine the technical challenges in relation to emission colour tuning and luminescence enhancement. In particular, we highlight the advances in functionalization strategies that enable the broad utility of upconversion nanocrystals for multimodal imaging, cancer therapy, volumetric displays and photonics.

Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging applications

A review of nanoplasmonics is given. This includes fundamentals, nanolocalization of optical energy and hot spots, ultrafast nanoplasmonics and control of the spatiotemporal nanolocalization of optical fields, and quantum nanoplasmonics (spaser and gain-assisted plasmonics). This article reviews both fundamental theoretical ideas in nanoplasmonics and selected experimental developments. It is designed both for specialists in the field and general physics readership.

Nanoplasmonics: past, present, and glimpse into future

Controlling the plasmon resonance of nanodisk structures enables colour images to be printed at the ultimate resolution of 100,000 dots per inch, as viewed by bright-field microscopy.

Printing colour at the optical diffraction limit

The synthesis of lanthanide-activated phosphors is pertinent to many emerging applications, ranging from high-resolution luminescence imaging to next-generation volumetric full-color display. In particular, the optical processes governed by the 4f-5d transitions of divalent and trivalent lanthanides have been the key to enabling precisely tuned color emission. The fundamental importance of lanthanide-activated phosphors for the physical and biomedical sciences has led to rapid development of novel synthetic methodologies and relevant tools that allow for probing the dynamics of energy transfer processes. Here, we review recent progress in developing methods for preparing lanthanide-activated phosphors, especially those featuring 4f-5d optical transitions. Particular attention will be devoted to two widely studied dopants, Ce3+ and Eu2+. The nature of the 4f-5d transition is examined by combining phenomenological theories with quantum mechanical calculations. An emphasis is placed on the correlation of hos...

Lanthanide-Activated Phosphors Based on 4f-5d Optical Transitions: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects.

We investigated the enhancment of the upconversion luminescence (UCL) of NaYF4:Yb 3 + /Er 3 + co-doped nanocrystals using a 3D plasmonic nanoantenna architecture: disk-coupled dots-onpillar antenna array (D2PA). By optimizing the D2PA structure, we observed a 310-fold UCL enhancement uniformly over a large area and an 8-fold reduction in the luminescence decay time. The enhancement factor is two orders of magnitude larger than the previously reported results on the same type UCL material. [ 1 ]

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.201200220

Large Enhancement of Upconversion Luminescence of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ Nanocrystal by 3D Plasmonic Nano‐Antennas

Using a new nanoplasmonic architecture and an optimized spacer, we observed the following: (a) the average fluorescence of an infrared dye (indocyanine green) is enhanced by?2970 fold uniformly (variation ? ?4? wafers), should open up wide applications.

/pdf/giant-and-uniform-fluorescence-enhancement-over-large-areas-8btep9n7wh.pdf

Giant and uniform fluorescence enhancement over large areas using plasmonic nanodots in 3D resonant cavity nanoantenna by nanoimprinting

This paper reports a novel suspended nanoscale solenoid metal inductor with inductance of several tens-nH for analog-circuit and radio-frequency application. The nanoscale inductors consist of three-dimensional aluminum or gold nanohelices, which are transformed from nanometer thick metal cantilevers by focused-ion-beam stress-introducing technology. For the inductor with a two-turn helix conductor, the inductance is measured to reach more than 20 nH while the structure size is less than 10 times 2 mum2. The quality factor is 1.4 at 100 MHz, and might increase to about several tens at Gigahertz. The inherent series resistance of the two-turn inductor is 10.6 Ohm.

Suspended nanoscale solenoid metal inductor with tens-nH level inductance

We study the effects of nanodots on surface plasmons and field enhancement in nano-pillar antenna array (NPA). The NPA's nanodots have slight effect on surface plasmon resonance wavelength, but increase field enhancement by two orders of magnitude.

Effects of nanodots on surface plasmons and electric field enhancement in nano-pillar antenna array

Some embodiments of the invention provide methods that can create large area complex patterns for nanoimprint molds without or with very litter of the use of the charged beam or photon beam direct-writing of nanostructures. Some embodiments of the invention use (i) Fourier nanoimprint patterning (FNP), (ii) edge-guided nanopatterning (EGN), and (iii) nanostructure self-perfection, and their combinations.

Methods for creating large-area complex nanopatterns for nanoimprint molds

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