Considering the escalating global warming and its severe consequences, the exploitation of hydrogen, an eco-friendly energy carrier, is gaining great interest. This paper comprehensively reviews the most common hydrogen production, storage, transportation and utilization processes, while their effectiveness is explored from energy, water, economic and environmental perspectives. Their main characteristics, advantages, shortcomings and challenges are discussed as well. The research reveals that the hydrogen's water footprint, energy consumption, carbon emissions, and cost vary significantly depending on the specific technologies used throughout its life cycle, from production to end use. For instance, fossil fuel-based hydrogen production methods, such as steam methane reforming, offer elevated energy performance and cost-effectiveness, but have a significant carbon footprint. In contrast, water electrolysis is environmentally friendly, but requires more water and has lower energy efficiency. Besides, high-pressure containers are the preferred method for hydrogen storage, while liquid and solid storages are better suited for high-energy-density applications. Regarding hydrogen transportation, pipelines are effective over long distances, whereas tankers are convenient for short distances. Furthermore, fuel cells are more energy, carbon and water efficient when using hydrogen as fuel, but they are generally more expensive than internal combustion engines. 

Water-energy-carbon-cost nexus in hydrogen production, storage, transportation and utilization

Abstract Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials have drawn considerable attention as the solution for hydrogen storage and transportation due to their high hydrogen storage density, low cost, and high safety characteristics. However, their practical applications are hindered by the high dehydrogenation temperatures, low equilibrium pressure, and sluggish hydrogenation and dehydrogenation (de/hydrogenation) rates. These functionalities are typically determined by the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of de/hydrogenation reactions. This review comprehensively discusses how the compositeization, catalysts, alloying, and nanofabrication strategies can improve the thermodynamic and kinetic performances of Mg‐based hydrogen storage materials. Since the introduction of various additives leads the samples being a multiple‐phases and elements system, prediction methods of hydrogen storage properties are simultaneously introduced. In the last part of this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and a summary of the emergence of new materials and potential strategies for realizing lower‐cost preparation, lower operation temperature, and long‐cycle properties is provided. 

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Regulation for Mg‐Based Hydrogen Storage Materials: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives

This investigation allows designed MgAl-based Low-Weight High-Entropy Alloys (LWHEAs) with a BCC-type structure, using a MgAlTi(X)Ni system where X = Fe, Cr and Co, with hydrogen storage potential properties. The BBC-type alloys were designed considering empiric thermodynamic parameters and obtained by high-energy ball-milling. The structure, morphology, thermal stability and hydrogen sorption properties were studied. Also, the influence of Valence Electron Concentration (VECmix) and Electronegativity difference (Δχmix) parameters on the hydrogen storage capacity of alloys was evaluated. The formation of the equiatomic MgAlTiFeNi, MgAlTiCrNi and MgAlTiCoNi BCC-type LWHEAs with densities between 4.3 ≤ ρ ≥ 4.6 g cm−3 was obtained at 8 h of milling. Alloyed powders show a homogeneous elemental distribution with heterogeneous particles of different sizes and a surface area of ∼ 2 g cm−2. Under high-temperature conditions, the LWHEAs structure changes from BCC to B2. The MgAlTiCoNi alloy presented a maximum hydrogen storage capacity of 2.1% weight H2 at 473 K and 1 MPa. The hydrogen storage depended on VECmix and Δχmix parameters in LWHEAs with the same mixing Entropy. 

Design and mechanosynthesis of Low-Weight High-Entropy Alloys with hydrogen storage potential properties

Ti-V-based BCC solid solution alloys, represented by Ti-Cr-V alloys, are considered as promising hydrogen storage materials due to their high hydrogen storage capacity (over 4 wt%) at room temperature. However, the difficult activation, low effective hydrogen desorption capacities, poor P-C-T plateau characteristics, and high cost remain significant problems for their practical applications. Herein, we present a new compositionally complex (high-entropy) doping strategy which was used to successfully fabricate a low-cost "Laves phase related BCC solid solution", TiCrV0.7(Nb0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Mn0.2)0.2, that exhibits excellent activation performance and high effective hydrogen desorption capacity (Ce1atm: 2.21 wt%). The main BCC phase ensures high hydrogen storage capacity, while the minor secondary C14 phase plays a catalytic role and thus improves the hydrogen absorption kinetics. Furthermore, we confirmed that there is a synergistic effect of Nb, Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn elements in improving hydrogen storage performance. The dehydrogenation enthalpy ΔH of the heat-treated TiCrV0.7(Nb0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Mn0.2)0.2 is 37.5 kJ mol−1, which is significantly lower than previously reported Ti-Cr-V based systems, revealing a significant tendency towards easier dehydrogenation with high-entropy doping. This work offers a new alloying method for improving the hydrogen storage performance of hydrogen storage alloys. 

Compositionally complex doping for low-V Ti-Cr-V hydrogen storage alloys

Biohydrogen (Bio-H2) is widely recognized as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source, devoid of any detrimental impact on the environment. Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is a readily accessible and plentiful source material that can be effectively employed as a cost-effective and sustainable substrate for Bio-H2 production. Despite the numerous challenges, the ongoing progress in LB pretreatment technology, microbial fermentation, and the integration of molecular biology techniques have the potential to enhance Bio-H2 productivity and yield. Consequently, this technology exhibits efficiency and the capacity to meet the future energy demands associated with the valorization of recalcitrant biomass. To date, several pretreatment approaches have been investigated in order to improve the digestibility of feedstock. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of comprehensive systematic studies examining the effectiveness of pretreatment methods in enhancing Bio-H2 production through dark fermentation. Additionally, there is a dearth of economic feasibility evaluations pertaining to this area of research. Thus, this review has conducted comparative studies on the technological and economic viability of current pretreatment methods. It has also examined the potential of these pretreatments in terms of carbon neutrality and circular economy principles. This review paves the way for a new opportunity to enhance Bio-H2 production with technological approaches. 

Harnessing recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biohydrogen production: Recent advances, challenges, and future perspective.

Coal gasification is recognized as the core technology of clean coal utilization that exhibits significant advantages in hydrogen-rich syngas production and CO2 emission reduction. This review briefly discusses the recent research progress on various coal gasification techniques, including conventional coal gasification (fixed bed, fluidized bed, and entrained bed gasification) and relatively new coal gasification (supercritical water gasification, plasma gasification, chemical-looping gasification, and decoupling gasification) in terms of their gasifiers, process parameters (such as coal type, temperature, pressure, gasification agents, catalysts, etc.), advantages, and challenges. The capacity and potential of hydrogen production through different coal gasification technologies are also systematically analyzed. In this regard, the decoupling gasification technology based on pyrolysis, coal char–CO2 gasification, and CO shift reaction shows remarkable features in improving comprehensive utilization of coal, low-energy capture and conversion of CO2, as well as efficient hydrogen production. As the key unit of decoupling gasification, this work also reviews recent research advances (2019–2023) in coal char–CO2 gasification, the influence of different factors such as coal type, gasification agent composition, temperature, pressure, particle size, and catalyst on the char–CO2 gasification performance are studied, and its reaction kinetics are also outlined. This review serves as guidance for further excavating the potential of gasification technology in promoting clean fuel production and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

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Recent Progress on Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Coal Gasification

Development of high-performance Low-V BCC alloy for hydrogen storage by suction casting

Freezing propagation of condensate droplets at early stage of frosting on vertical hydrophobic surface

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Recent Progress on Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Coal Gasification

Development of high-performance Low-V BCC alloy for hydrogen storage by suction casting

Freezing propagation of condensate droplets at early stage of frosting on vertical hydrophobic surface