Grafting: a versatile means to modify polymers Techniques, factors and applications

Biocompatible polymer materials : Role of protein-surface interactions

Metals, such as copper and silver, can be extremely toxic to bacteria at exceptionally low concentrations. Because of this biocidal activity, metals have been widely used as antimicrobial agents in a multitude of applications related with agriculture, healthcare, and the industry in general. Unlike other antimicrobial agents, metals are stable under conditions currently found in the industry allowing their use as additives. Today these metal based additives are found as: particles, ions absorbed/exchanged in different carriers, salts, hybrid structures, etc. One recent route to further extend the antimicrobial applications of these metals is by their incorporation as nanoparticles into polymer matrices. These polymer/metal nanocomposites can be prepared by several routes such as in situ synthesis of the nanoparticle within a hydrogel or direct addition of the metal nanofiller into a thermoplastic matrix. The objective of the present review is to show examples of polymer/metal composites designed to have antimicrobial activities, with a special focus on copper and silver metal nanoparticles and their mechanisms.

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Antimicrobial polymers with metal nanoparticles

Grafting of zwitterion from polysulfone membrane via surface-initiated ATRP with enhanced antifouling property and biocompatibility

Improved antifouling property of zwitterionic ultrafiltration membrane composed of acrylonitrile and sulfobetaine copolymer

Silicone rubber has been used as a biomaterial for more than two decades and displays good mechanical and optical properties, but its chemical nature, poor antithrombogenicity, as well as its hydrophobicity, prevents its use in many demanding biomedical applications. In order to provide modified silicone with enhanced haemocompatibility, surface modification techniques were used. Ozonization was used to introduce active peroxide groups onto the silicone film surface and, subsequently, graft polymerization of N,N′-dimethyl-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium (DMMSA), a zwitterionic sulfobetaine structure, onto the ozone activated silicone surface was conducted. Surface analysis was accomplished by means of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurement. ATR-FTIR and XPS investigation confirmed the graft polymerization. The grafted film possessed a relatively hydrophilic surface as indicated by contact angle measurement. The blood compatibility of the grafted films was evaluated by platelet adhesion in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and protein adsorption in bovine fibrinogen using silicone film as the reference. No platelet adhesion was observed for the grafted films incubated in PRP for 120 min. The protein adsorption was reduced on the grafted films after incubated in bovine fibrinogen for 120 min. These results confirmed that the improved blood compatibility was obtained by grafting this new zwitterronic sulfobetaine structure onto silicone film. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry

Grafting sulfobetaine monomer onto silicone surface to improve haemocompatibility

Surface modification of SPEU films by ozone induced graft copolymerization to improve hemocompatibility

Polyurethane vascular catheter surface grafted with zwitterionic sulfobetaine monomer activated by ozone.

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Grafting sulfobetaine monomer onto silicone surface to improve haemocompatibility

Surface modification of SPEU films by ozone induced graft copolymerization to improve hemocompatibility

Polyurethane vascular catheter surface grafted with zwitterionic sulfobetaine monomer activated by ozone.