Purpose




The purpose of this is to propose a model in which materialism is a mediator of the effects of self-esteem, impulsiveness, attitude toward debt, attitude toward credit card and economic vulnerability on consumer indebtedness. The effects of financial knowledge, financial ability, credit card use and demographic variables are also taken into account.




Design/methodology/approach




Survey data from a sample of 1,245 low-income consumers from Brazil were used to test the hypotheses using structural equation modeling.




Findings




First, materialism has a significant effect on consumer indebtedness; at the same time, it is influenced by self-esteem, impulsiveness and attitude toward debt. Second, materialism acts as a mediator, e.g. higher impulsiveness triggers materialism, which influences debt level. Third, indebtedness is higher for women and those who use a higher number of credit cards and are more educated.




Social implications




Financial education programs should work to increase individual’s perceived ability to manage money, as the individuals who feel less able to manage their personal finances alone (i.e. lower financial ability) presented higher indebtedness.




Originality/value




This study investigates consumer indebtedness by addressing factors that have been analyzed independently in the literature. The research combines psychological, financial and economic factors with credit card use and demographic variables to explain consumer indebtedness. Moreover, the study supports the mediating role of materialism for the antecedents of consumer indebtedness, e.g. impulsiveness and attitude toward debt.

/pdf/antecedents-of-indebtedness-for-low-income-consumers-the-2x3rqznjeu.pdf

Antecedents of indebtedness for low-income consumers: the mediating role of materialism

Conspicuous consumption and sustainable consumption are commonly understood as being in contradiction with each other. Yet, scholars have recently become increasingly interested in examining positive relationships between these forms of consumption. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the synergies and contradictions between sustainable and luxury consumption and proposing whether and how conspicuous motives can foster a shift towards sustainable consumption in newly industrialized countries in general and Egypt in particular.,This paper is a conceptual note, intended as a starting point and acting as an eye-opener regarding the values inherent in both conspicuous and sustainable consumption and the potential influence that conspicuous motivations could have on the latter.,The paper discusses the possibilities for and limitations of conspicuous motives to foster sustainable consumption in newly industrialized countries in the Middle East. The adoption of westernized lifestyles, spreading in Middle Eastern countries, can represent a venue for motivating sustainable consumption behaviours as a means of status distinction. On the other hand, the trickle-down effect and the preconditions of visibility and exclusiveness pose risks on promoting sustainable consumption by addressing conspicuous motives.,The paper suggests that the synergistic interplay between conspicuous and sustainable consumption, as well as barriers and motivations underpinning both constructs, needs to be empirically researched, while factoring in the cultural specifics of the countries under study, as cultural nuances can influence the dynamics of interaction between conspicuous and sustainable behaviours.,Given the salience of the relationship between luxury and sustainable consumption and the focus of most studies on early-industrialized countries, insights regarding the possible influences of conspicuous motives on sustainable consumption in newly industrialized countries are warranted. With the scarcity of research examining the ambiguous relationship between conspicuous and sustainable consumption in newly industrialized countries, this paper contributes by providing insights about the conditions that can help conspicuous motives promote sustainable consumption in newly industrialized countries.

Status and sustainability: Can conspicuous motives foster sustainable consumption in newly industrialized countries?

Consumption is a way of communication whereby consumers express, position or/and differentiate themselves within their society or affiliated groups. A great part of consumers’ lives are spent on various purchase activities, and many would be eager to understand the factors underlying those behaviours.

This chapter primarily deals with the cultural, social, psychological and personal factors that affect consumer behaviour. Each of these factors in relation to consumer behaviour is discussed in detail. The types of consumer buying behaviours and the consumer decision-making processes then provide the fundamentals of the topic along with their relevance to Turkish consumers.

A Review of Factors Affecting Turkish Consumer Behaviour

The paper discusses materialism as a value orientation and background of consumerism, and empirically verifies whether it is connected with the intentions to emigrate from Croatia. The starting point is the definition of materialism as a social value, i.e. belief that the possession of material objects is important, profitable and worthwhile, while consumerism includes dynamic dimension of it or actions focused on achieving these goals. Besides, consumerism is also defined as a culture centred on the promotion, sale and acquisition of consumer goods. From this perspective materialism may be considered an infrastructural value of contemporary consumer culture on a general level, as well as an encouragement of consumer behaviour on an individual level. This primarily means a wider aspect of consumption that goes beyond achieving basic needs, such as existential needs for matter and energy. However, in order to achieve a certain standard of consumption, to ensure access to material goods and climb the consumption ladder, the necessities for such an achievement (or modes of consumption) often cannot be provided according to actual (local) living conditions. Thus, there is a tendency toward improving conditions, higher earnings and generally better quality of life, as one of the most important motives for economic migration. In this way, horizontal mobility - emigration, becomes a tool that provides the vertical social mobility. In this respect materialism takes a dual role: on the one hand it is an infrastructural value of consumer culture, and on the other it is a possible incentive for emigration. This paper tries to give empirical answers to the following questions: 1) Are materialism and emigration correlated, and 2) Does materialism encourage emigration (if aspirations cannot be fulfilled in domestic society)? Consumerism, as a globally relevant phenomenon, is also present locally, in Croatian society, as well as another relevant phenomenon, but less universal - emigration. Croatia is a “traditional” emigration country, with unfavourable ratio of expatriate and resident population (it is estimated that the total number of emigrants equals the number of those who live in Croatia). If emigration had not been so intensive and did not last for more than a century, demographic analyses show that at least 6.22 million people would live in Croatia in 2001 or 40.1% more than today (Nejasmic, 2014). Taking into account a longer historical period, the Ottoman and other conquests (only the Ottoman threat lasted for four centuries), both World Wars and the Croatian War of Independence in the late 20th century, the geo-strategic position (the area of inter-civilizational conflicts or rally of the major political forces) made Croatia a long-term scaffold, so forced emigration often meant saving lives (Rogic, 2000). In addition, scarce technical modernization and the nature of political associations in which Croatia had secondary political role completed the repertoire of motives for emigration: besides saving lives, people emigrated for economic, political and career reasons (Rogic and Cizmic, 2011). In addition to demographic approach, sociology of migration deals with the broader context and background social factors of migrations, including particular motives of migrants (e.g. Mesic, 2002; Mežnaric, 1991; Mesic et al., 1991; Katunaric, 1974). The literature dealing with this topic is not scarce, but there is a lack of research and analyses focused on a recent wave of emigration from Croatia in more detail, especially after joining the EU. However, it is known that higher earnings, primarily in Western Europe and the United States, are a permanent feature of voluntary and economic migration from Croatia or pull factor. For example, Mesic pointed out that the most agile part of labour force, including a substantial part of those already employed (mostly skilled or highly skilled workers) emigrated by the end of the 1960s. For example, a 1971 survey showed that 77% of emigrants had been previously employed and their main motive for emigration were higher earnings (Mesic, 1991). The thesis on unemployment as the main cause of emigration has not proved to be true even at that time, and this issue is of equal importance today: is emigration primarily motivated by “survival” or by intention to achieve some “surpluses” (material and/or professional). In relation to the earlier period, current emigration occurs in a very different context. The global economic crisis, present in Croatia as well, may not be the most important factor, considering the fact that crisis in general (or lack of professional perspectives) in the underdeveloped country is actually “permanent status”. But the political context is significantly different: after political transition, and especially after joining the EU, barriers to mobility have almost been eliminated, and this probably triggered a new wave of emigration. According to media headlines, a new wave of emigration from Croatia has reached alarming proportions (in some cases estimations rise up to two hundred thousand people). Official statistics is more moderate: annual records of the Central Bureau of Statistics show that 15,262 people emigrated in 2013, 20,858 in 2014 and 29,651 in 2015 (CBS, 2014, 2015, 2016). However, these records are based on data on the cancellation of residence by the Ministry of the Interior, but since these changes are only partly reported (or at least not immediately), it should be assumed that the numbers are certainly higher. According to available analyses of experts, such as the one of Župaric-Iljic (Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies), those data are not catastrophic, especially when compared with the multimillion departures from Poland or Romania after EU accession. But concern remains: the trend is rising and often whole families are leaving, without intention to return. Although the emigration of the unemployed and unskilled has negative demographic consequences, the emigration of highly educated (and already employed) experts (brain drain) is harmful to an even greater extent, because the socio-economic damage is twofold: first, it lowers developmental potential and quality of life in local communities, and second, investment in the education of those who left becomes futile. Besides these objective circumstances and ”traditional” motives, current emigration may be encouraged by materialism (materialistic values) as a latent motive. The aim of this paper was to empirically determine if this is the case. Data for analysis were collected in 2014 by face-to-face survey on a representative sample of adult population of Croatia (N = 1000). Results showed that materialism was relatively low prominent but it had become an evenly distributed (universal) value among the population, which means that to a greater extent it varies individually rather than between relevant socio-demographic and status groups. Younger generations are the exception: they are slightly more materialistic and their intentions to emigrate are much more prominent than among older (40 years and over) segments of population. Likewise, in the cohorts younger than 40 materialism is a significant and independent predictor of intentions to leave, in comparison with other more or less relevant objective (education level, employment, income, type of dwelling, relatives abroad, marital status, number of children) and subjective predictors (satisfaction with one’s own personal standard and general situation in Croatia). Finally, it is concluded (with regard to the relevance of both phenomena in today's Croatian society) that relationship between materialism and (intended and actual) emigration should be further examined. Key words:  materialism;consumerism;social values;emigration from Croatia;economic migrants

/pdf/materijalizam-kao-drustvena-vrijednost-i-poticaj-namjerama-3fr9n3rnw9.pdf

Materijalizam kao društvena vrijednost i poticaj namjerama iseljavanja iz Hrvatske

Summary. This paper contains a bibliographic and a bibliometric review of the Portrait Values Questionnaire(PVQ), the instrument proposed by Schwartz to assess human values. Schwartz’s theory of human values is oneof the most popular of its kind in the social sciences. To set out the framework of the PVQ, we shall briefly presentthe underlying theory, followed by a discussion of the different instruments developed by Schwartz to assess humanvalues. Finally, we have performed a detailed review to analyse how the PVQ has been used in the scholarly literature.A total of 58 articles were reviewed to obtain a picture of how the scientific community uses this instrumentand to explore the variables most commonly related to human values. Several conclusions are briefly discussed. Resum. El Portrait Values Questionari (PVQ), es l’instrument proposat per Schwartz per avaluar els valors personals.La teoria dels valors personals de Schwartz es una dels mes difoses en estudis sobre valors en les cienciessocials. En aquest article es presenta una revisio bibliografica i bibliometrica del Portrait Values Questionnaire(PVQ). En primer lloc presentem breument la teoria i els diferents instruments desenvolupats per Schwartz peravaluar els valors personals. Seguidament s’exposa la revisio descriptiva d’un total de 58 articles que ens ha permesanalitzar com el PVQ s’ha utilitzat en la literatura academica. Els resultats de la recerca ens permeten obtenir unaimatge de com la comunitat cientifica utilitza aquest instrument i per explorar les variables mes comunamentrelacionats amb els valors personals. Al final de l’article es discuteixen i presenten diferents conclusions com perexemple la transversalitat de l’us d’aquest instrument.

/pdf/the-portrait-values-questionnaire-a-bibliographic-and-4vfb26k8zz.pdf

The Portrait Values Questionnaire: A Bibliographic and Bibliometric Review of the Instrument

The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between values and consumption, and to adduce the mediating roles of materialism in this association. Values have been investigated through Schwartz's main value dimensions in his Theory of Human Values: Self-Enhancement, Self-Transcendence, Openness to Change and Conservation. Through the scope of Homer and Kahle's Value-Attitude-Behavior model, the multiple relations and nomological network between the variables of individual values, materialism, and shopping were inves- tigated. The study was conducted on 485 participants (314 females, 171 males), whose ages ranged between 18 and 66. The data was gathered through the administration of surveys including a demographic information form, Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire, the Materialism Scale and the Consumption Habits Survey. In order to test the hypotheses, partial correlation analyses and hierarchical linear mediated regression analyses were used as statistical methods. The results showed that shopping frequency is positively related to Self En- hancement, while its associations with Self-Transcendence and Conservation were negative. In the analyses conducted to reveal the mediating role of materialism between the values of Self-Enhancement, Self-Tran- scendence and Conservation with frequency of shopping, it was found that when materialism was entered into the regression equation, the standardized regression coefficients of the values became insignificant, showing that materialism fully mediated the relationship between values and the frequency of shopping.

/pdf/the-mediating-role-of-materialism-on-the-relationship-3a0mx61l04.pdf

The Mediating Role of Materialism on the Relationship between Values and Consumption.

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The Mediating Role of Materialism on the Relationship between Values and Consumption.