Gallic acid (GA), a dietary phenolic acid with potent antioxidant activity, is widely distributed in edible plants. GA has been applied in the food industry as an antimicrobial agent, food fresh-keeping agent, oil stabilizer, active food wrap material, and food processing stabilizer. GA is a potential dietary supplement due to its health benefits on various functional disorders associated with oxidative stress, including renal, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary, reproductive, and cardiovascular diseases. GA is rapidly absorbed and metabolized after oral administration, resulting in low bioavailability, which is susceptible to various factors, such as intestinal microbiota, transporters, and metabolism of galloyl derivatives. GA exhibits a tendency to distribute primarily to the kidney, liver, heart, and brain. A total of 37 metabolites of GA has been identified, and decarboxylation and dihydroxylation in phase I metabolism and sulfation, glucuronidation, and methylation in phase Ⅱ metabolism are considered the main in vivo biotransformation pathways of GA. Different types of nanocarriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanodots, have been successfully developed to enhance the health-promoting function of GA by increasing bioavailability. GA may induce drug interactions with conventional drugs, such as hydroxyurea, linagliptin, and diltiazem, due to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6, and transporters, including P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3. In conclusion, in-depth studies of GA on food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions have laid the foundation for its comprehensive application as a food additive and dietary supplement. 

Dietary gallic acid as an antioxidant: A review of its food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions

Endophytic bacteria Arthrobacter agilis UMCV2 and Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-96 stimulate achene germination, in vitro growth, and greenhouse yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)

Cyanogenic glycosides and phenolics in apple seeds and their changes during long term storage.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether drying is a suitable
 preservation method for gilaburu fruit and to determine the changes in the
 bioactive components of gilaburu fruit (Viburnum opulus L.) at the end of
 the drying process. In this study, gilaburu fruits were dried in cabinet
 dryer at different temperatures (50,60 and 70?C). The analyses of
 trans-resveratrol, water-soluble vitamins, organic acids and phenolic
 compounds were made by using the HPLC method while total phenolic contents
 and antioxidant activity were spectrophotometric. As a result of drying of
 gilaburu fruit at 50, 60 and 70?C, the highest component loss was observed
 at 70?C. A loss of 73.64% and 84.08%, respectively, was detected in the
 total phenolic substance and antioxidant capacity content of gilaburu fruit
 after drying at 70?C. While the trans-resveratrol content was 1.26?0.05
 (g/100 g dry weight (DW)) in fresh fruit, it reduced to 0.31?0.03, 0.30?0.01
 and 0.21?0.01 after drying at 50, 60 and 70?C, respectively. In terms of
 vitamins, the highest loss was seen in niacin. The contents of ascorbic
 acid, pyridoxine, niacin and thiamine contents of fresh gilaburu fruit
 decreased from 0.78, 3.14, 0.12 and 0.30 g/100 g to 0.24, 0.75, 0 and 0.14
 g/100 g, respectively, after drying at 70?C. In addition, drying kinetics
 of water-soluble vitamins, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and
 trans-resveratrol were modeled. The Page model best described the drying
 behavior of fruits at 70?C, and the Parabolic model at both 50?C and 60?.
 Thermal degradation of water-soluble vitamins, total phenolic contents,
 antioxidant activity and trans-resveratrol were fitted the first-order
 kinetic model.

Hot-air drying and degradation kinetics of bioactive compounds of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) fruit

Defining Associations Between Berry Features of Wild Red Currant Accessions Utilizing Various Statistical Methods

When berries are of the case, Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Currants, Gooseberry Blueberries, Elderberry, Wild spindle, Rosehip, Berberis and Sloe generally come to mind and they are fruit types that are consumed deliciously in the world. Their conservation in fresh, following the harvest, their long storage in cold stores and their marketing bear great importance with respect to other fruits. In DNA isolation of berries, more and qualified DNA is obtained by using fresh leaf tissue than old leaf tissue. In this paper, DNAs isolated with the method of CTAB DNA isolation from the leaf of five different currant types (Jostaberry, Redlake, Goliath, Rovada and Boskopgiant) bought Eymen Plantation in Bursa-Kestel province of Turkey are companed with each other in terms of their quantity and quality. Purity and quantity and DNAs which are obtained from young leaves are determined both by gel electrophoresis measurements and UV spectroscopic one. Whether there happens to be genetic variations between the types according to DNA resource is determined by applying ISSR primer and PCR to the DNAs obtained in the study.

/pdf/molecular-characterization-of-different-currant-types-56xc5lup8d.pdf

Molecular characterization of different currant types

It has become very important to offer species with high nutritional value as fresh or processed products for human consumption in their daily diet for balanced nutrition. In the scope of this study, 15 naturally grown European Cranberry bush (ECB) genotypes that naturally grown were characterized in terms of horticultural characteristics. Fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, the number of fruits per each cluster and cluster weight were determined within the ranges of 8.78–10.96 mm, 7.93–10.84 mm, 0.21–0.70 g, 31–121, and 7.70–66.67 g, respectively. Ranking of the average values of examined organic acids obtained from all genotypes found as; malic acid (11,419 mg L−1) > citric acid (1926 mg L−1) > ascorbic acid (581 mg L−1) > oxalic acid (561 mg L−1). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were found at high levels in ECB with 2922–3475 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) L−1 and 1463–3163 mg quercetin equivalents (QE) L−1, respectively. While pomological characteristics were found to be highly positive correlated with each other, they were negatively correlated with chemical properties. Low pH was found to be an important parameter to obtain higher amounts of phytochemicals such as TPC, TFC, organic and phenolic acids correlated with strong antioxidant effects. The obtained results will be useful for both germplasm enrichment and cultivation.

/pdf/screening-of-naturally-grown-european-cranberrybush-viburnum-1sq6559k.pdf

Screening of Naturally Grown European Cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) Genotypes Based on Physico-Chemical Characteristics

Turkey has very rich potential in terms of wild edible fruit species, especially berries that grow naturally in different parts of the country as population or scattered shrubs. One of the most important wild edible fruits found in Turkey's flora is the European cranberrybush (EC). All EC plants are found as wild in nature and there are no commercial EC orchards in the country. In this study, a total of 22 seed propagated EC genotypes that naturally grown in the Akkışla district of Kayseri province located in the middle part of Turkey were assessed in terms of their morphological (fruit dimensions, fruit weight, the number of fruit per cluster, and cluster weight) and biochemical (soluble solids content, pH, and organic acids), bioactive (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity) content in order to determine the superior ones. Fruit width, fruit length, fruit weight, cluster weight, and the number of fruit per cluster of 22 EC genotypes varied from 8.66 to 11.19 mm, 9.08 to 11.11 mm, 0.27 to 0.80 g, 8.50 to 55.20 g, and 23.00 to 81.40, respectively. Malic acid was the dominant organic acid in fruits of all investigated EC genotypes (12.177 g L-1 average of 22 genotypes), followed by citric acid (1.605 g L-1), oxalic acid (0.776g L-1), and ascorbic acid (65.18 mg 100 mL-1), respectively. In terms of phenolic acids, a stable order could not be determined, while chlorogenic acid has come to the fore in fruits of 17 genotypes as main phenolic acid, while gallic acid was the highest in fruits of 4 genotypes and protocatechuic acid was the highest in the remained 1 genotype and average values of 22 EC genotypes of these phenolic acids were 27.05 mg L-1, 23.50 mg L-1, and 16.50 mg L-1, respectively. Results indicated that seed propagated EC genotypes have variable morphological, biochemical, and bioactive traits that could be important to select cultivar candidates for future use at cultivation conditions. It is also important that characterization of 22 EC genotypes will add value for EC germplasm enhancement in Turkey. 

/pdf/morphological-biochemical-and-bioactive-characterization-of-2fqz4f0d.pdf

Morphological, biochemical, and bioactive characterization of naturally grownEuropean cranberrybush genotypes

Plum is an important fruit whose consumption has been increasing in recent years. The importance of plum is due to the organic acids, polyphenolic substances, and vitamins it contains. This study was carried out to determine some pomological and chemical properties of wild plums collected from Kayseri province between 2022-2023. Pomological characteristics of selected plum genotypes; Fruit width, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit height, fruit stalk length, seed weight, flesh firmness, and chemical properties; pH is the amount of soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA). Considering the pomological characteristics of the wild plum genotype examined in the study, the highest fruit weight is 20.5 g, fruit length is 37.6 mm, fruit width is 22.3 mm, fruit height is 23.1 mm, fruit stalk length is 6.58 mm, seed weight is 0.99 g. and fruit flesh firmness 1.19 kg/cm2 chemical properties were found as pH3.76, TA 0.85%, SSC 8.75% 

Determination of Some Pomological and Chemical Characteristics of Wild Plums Grown in Kayseri Ecology

This study was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the biochemical constituents of medlar (Mespilus spp.) fruits. The fruit samples were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, and major phenolic and organic acid components. The analyses revealed that medlar fruits are rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds and exhibit high antioxidant capacity. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that phenolic compounds are positively correlated with antioxidant activity, while some organic acids showed a negative correlation. Principal component analysis demonstrated that the variation among fruit constituents was largely attributed to phenolic compounds, which are the main factors shaping the overall biochemical profile of the fruit.

Phytochemical Characterization of Medlar (Mespilus spp.) Fruit

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