This invention provides aryl and heteroaryl compounds, methods of their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and their use in treating human or animal disorders. The compounds of the invention may be antagonists, or partial antagonist of factor IX and/or factor XI and thus, may be useful for inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. The compounds may be useful in a variety of applications including the management, treatment and/or control of diseases caused in part by the intrinsic clotting pathway..

Aryl and heteroaryl compounds, compositions, and methods of use

Drosophila melanogaster clip-domain serine proteases: Structure, function and regulation

The fundamental pathophysiology of sickle cell disease involves the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin in its T-state which develops under low oxygen saturation. One therapeutic strategy is to develop pharmacologic agents to stabilize the R-state of hemoglobin, which has higher oxygen affinity and would be expected to have slower kinetics of polymerization, potentially delaying the sickling of red cells during circulation. This therapeutic strategy has stimulated the laboratory investigation of aromatic aldehydes, aspirin derivatives, thiols and isothiocyanates that can stabilize the R-state of hemoglobin in vitro. One representative aromatic aldehyde agent, 5-hydoxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF, also known as Aes-103) increases oxygen affinity of sickle hemoglobin and reduces hypoxia-induced sickling in vitro and protects sickle cell mice from effects of hypoxia. It has completed pre-clinical testing and has entered clinical trials. The development of Hb allosteric modifiers as direct anti-sickling agents is an attractive investigational goal for the treatment of sickle cell disease.

/pdf/therapeutic-strategies-to-alter-the-oxygen-affinity-of-vjmocmrxfs.pdf

Therapeutic strategies to alter the oxygen affinity of sickle hemoglobin.

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are one of the many classes of breakdown products of glucosinolates found in crucifers such as broccoli and are thought to be partially responsible for the reduced risk of degenerative diseases associated with the consumption of vegetables. The production of ITCs such as L-sulforaphane is dependent on the hydrolytic bioactivities of myrosinase, localized both within vegetable tissues and within flora of the human GI tract, and is associated with important cancer chemopreventive activities. We hypothesized that novel isothiocyanates with enhanced chemopreventive properties relative to L-sulforaphane could be identified and that their glucosinolate precursors could be synthesized. From a library of 30 synthetic ITCs, we identified several with bioactivities equal or superior to those of L-sulforaphane. The corresponding non-natural glucosinolate precursors to these novel ITCs were constructed and found to be substrates for myrosinase. By utilizing a novel RP-HPLC assay to monitor myrosinase-dependent hydrolysis reactions, 2,2-diphenylethyl glucosinolate and (biphenyl-2-yl)methyl glucosinolate were shown to exhibit 26.5 and 2.8 %, respectively, of the relative activity of sinigrin and produced their corresponding ITCs in varying yields. These data support the notion that non-natural glucosinolates can act as prodrugs for novel ITCs, with a mechanism of action reliant on their hydrolytic cleavage by myrosinase. Such non-natural glucosinolates may serve as very economical chemopreventive agents for individuals at risk for cancers of and around the GI tract.

Identification, synthesis, and enzymology of non-natural glucosinolate chemopreventive candidates.

A dual doxorubicin/camptothecin (DOX/CPT) pH-triggered drug delivery mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based nano-vehicle has been prepared. In this drug-delivery system (DDS), CPT is loaded inside the pores of the MSNs, while DOX is covalently attached to the surface of an aldehyde-functionalized MSN through a dihydrazide-polyethylene glycol chain. Thus, DOX and the linker act as pH-sensitive gatekeeper. The system is versatile and easy to assemble, not requiring the chemical modification of the drugs. While at physiological conditions the release of the drugs is negligible, at acidic pH a burst release of DOX and a gradual release of CPT take place. In vitro cytotoxicity tests have demonstrated that this DDS can deliver efficiently DOX and CPT for combination therapy.

Preparation of a mesoporous silica-based nano-vehicle for dual DOX/CPT pH-triggered delivery.

Although the molecular defect in sickle hemoglobin that produces sickle cell disease has been known for decades, there is still no effective drug treatment that acts on hemoglobin itself. In this work, a series of diversely substituted isothiocyanates (R-NCS) were examined for their regioselective reaction with hemoglobin in an attempt to alter the solubility properties of sickle hemoglobin. Electrospray mass spectrometry, molecular modeling, X-ray crystallography, and conventional protein chemistry were used to study this regioselectivity and the resulting increase in solubility of the modified hemoglobin. Depending on the attached R-group, the isothiocyanates were found to react either with the Cysbeta93 or the N-terminal amine of the alpha-chain. One of the most effective compounds in the series, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl isothiocyanate, selectively reacts with the thiol of Cysbeta93 which, in conjunction with the cationic group, was seen to perturb the local hemoglobin structure. This modified HbS shows an approximately 30% increase in solubility for the fully deoxygenated state, along with a significant increase in oxygen affinity. This compound and a related analogue appear to readily traverse the erythrocyte membrane. A discussion of the relation of these structural changes to inhibition of gelation is presented. The dual activities of increasing HbS oxygen affinity and directly inhibiting deoxy HbS polymerization, in conjunction with facile membrane traversal, suggest that these cationic isothiocyanates show substantial promise as lead compounds for development of therapeutic agents for sickle cell disease.

Regioselective covalent modification of hemoglobin in search of antisickling agents.

An oxyanion-hole selective serine protease inhibitor in complex with trypsin.

p-amidinophenylmethylphosphinic acid (AMPA) was designed, synthesized and crystallized in complex with trypsin to study interactions with the oxyanion hole at the S1 site. In comparison to benzamidine, AMPA shows improved activity, which the crystal structure demonstrates to result from hydrogen bonds between the negatively charged phosphinic acid group and the catalytic residues at the oxyanion hole.

An Oxyanion‐Hole Selective Serine Protease Inhibitor in Complex with Trypsin.

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Regioselective covalent modification of hemoglobin in search of antisickling agents.

An oxyanion-hole selective serine protease inhibitor in complex with trypsin.

An Oxyanion‐Hole Selective Serine Protease Inhibitor in Complex with Trypsin.