Sleep is established as an essential physiological need that impacts physical, emotional, and cognitive functions profoundly. Physiologically, inadequate sleep weakens immune function, heightening susceptibility to infections and chronic illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Hormonal disruptions due to sleep loss further exacerbate metabolic dysregulation, contributing to weight gain and other health complications. Emotionally, sleep deprivation leads to mood disturbances, including increased irritability, heightened stress responses, and a greater likelihood of mood disorders like depression and anxiety. These effects are compounded by cognitive impairments such as reduced alertness, impaired memory consolidation, and compromised decision-making abilities, akin to the impairments caused by alcohol consumption. Motor skills and coordination also suffer, elevating the risk of accidents, particularly in high-stress environments. For older adults, sleep quality is closely linked to cognitive function and overall longevity. Optimal sleep patterns are associated with slower brain aging and improved health outcomes. However, sleep disorders exacerbate existing conditions such as epilepsy and asthma, necessitating interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications such as melatonin to mitigate their impact. Education emerges as a crucial tool in promoting healthier sleep habits across all age groups. Addressing misconceptions about sleep and integrating sleep health into public health policies are essential steps toward improving overall well-being. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity play significant roles in regulating sleep patterns, further emphasizing the interconnectedness of sleep with broader health outcomes. In summary, the articles underscore the intricate mechanisms through which sleep influences physiological functions and advocate for comprehensive approaches to enhance sleep hygiene and mitigate the adverse effects of sleep deprivation on human health. 

Mechanisms, consequences and role of interventions for sleep deprivation: Focus on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in elderly

Objective This review aimed to assess the current evidence on the relationship between resilience and mental health employed in response to the impacts of mental health. Method This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). The protocol of this review was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42023470966). Three authors searched peer-reviewed articles using several electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Psych Info, EMBASE, and Web of Science, from September to October 2023 and included all the studies from any time until November 1, 2023. The review included all eligible quantitative observational and qualitative studies, irrespective of geographical boundaries. Result Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders were found to be the most common, but not the only, mental health disorders during the perinatal period, and higher maternal resilience during perinatal periods was found to reduce mental health disorders. It was also found that pregnant women were more resilient to mental health disorders than postpartum women. Tolerance of uncertainty and a positive cognitive appraisal, women’s self-behavior and family functioning, and protective psychosocial resources such as dispositional optimism, parental sense of mastery, self-esteem, gratitude, and forgiveness were found to be the most common mechanisms of resilience among perinatal women. Older age, having an adolescent partner, family income, and distress were found to affect resilience. Conclusion Noting that women’s resilience is an important tool to prevent perinatal mental health disorders, maternal healthcare providers need to counsel perinatal women on resilience-boosting mechanisms, such as applying self-behavior and having social support or close family relationships. It is recommended to counsel or provide psychosocial interventions for the woman’s companion or partner to give strong support for the woman in each of the perinatal periods. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=470966 , identifier CRD42023470966. 

Resilience and mental health among perinatal women: a systematic review

The postpartum period represents a critical phase of profound transition for women. This timeframe encompasses the physical recuperation associated with childbirth, the intricate psychosocial adjustments inherent in assuming the role of motherhood and also important alterations in steroid and peptide hormones. Hence, as women navigate the reconfiguration of relationships and strive to address the diverse needs of their infants and family members, they concurrently grapple with dramatic transformations which are characteristic of the postpartum phase. In fact, relevant prevalence ranges are reported for maternity blues, a mild condition characterized by self-limited and transient depressive symptoms, but also a well-established risk factor for more serious postpartum mood disorders, such as depression (PPD), with an incidence of 10-15%. Unlike in the US, at the European level, there are no concrete recommendations for the routine integration of the assessment of the mother's emotional state by healthcare professionals, with a considerable risk of underdiagnosing or undertreating these conditions. In this regard, there is a growing body of scientific evidence on the important role of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of PPD and also of the importance of mothers' compliance with this practice. Indeed, sucking the baby regulates the circadian rhythm of the HPA axis and, together with the action of prolactin, the stress response is decreased. In addition, other positive consequences of breastfeeding, which are inversely correlated with the onset of PPD, include the regulation of sleep and waking patterns for mother and baby, the improvement of the mother's self-efficacy and her emotional involvement. It should also be considered that the request for support for breastfeeding can often conceal a request for support for motherhood itself and for the mother's emotional well-being. It therefore emerges that the personnel involved in primary pediatric care to provide adequate support in the transition to motherhood must support mothers in their breastfeeding choices, whether breastfeeding or formula feeding, so that each choice is made conscientiously and serenely. Therefore, neonatal feeding assumes a decisive role, since if, on the one hand, it regulates specific neurohormonal pathways that are protective for maternal emotional well-being (breastfeeding), on the other hand, support in mothers' breastfeeding choices, even in the case of formula feeding, means validating their being mothers in the absence of judgement and counteracting any feelings of inadequacy, conditions that are inversely correlated to DPP. 

From Breastfeeding to Support in Mothers’ Feeding Choices: A Key Role in the Prevention of Postpartum Depression?

Abstract Background The concept of psychological resilience has spurred extensive research across various fields, with the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) emerging as a concise tool to measure an individual’s ability to rebound from stress. It has been translated into multiple languages, including German, but the validation of the German version occurred prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine new norm values and psychometric properties of the BRS. Methods Norm values, the factor structure, reliability and validity of the BRS were examined using data from a representative survey of the German general population ( N = 2522). Results The results indicated that the method-factor model showed the best fit, suggesting a nuanced understanding of resilience beyond a single-factor approach. The BRS demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity based on both latent and manifest correlations. Moreover, the study revealed increasing postpandemic resilience scores. Conclusions The results of this study provide support for the psychometric reliability and validity of the German version of the BRS after the COVID-19 pandemic and underscore the importance of assessing resilience amidst evolving societal challenges and highlight the need for further exploration in diverse populations. 

New norm values of the brief resilience scale (BRS) from the German general population with new post-COVID-19 data

Background & Objectives: This study aimed to present a structural model of postpartum depression based on social support and marital satisfaction with the mediation of resilience. 
Materials & Methods: The current research method was descriptive and type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all mothers who had given birth and were referred to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences hospitals, and 415 mothers who referred for natural delivery and caesarean section using the available sampling method and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale (EPDS), the Sherbourne and Stewart Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) four to eight weeks after delivery. Data analysis was done using the (AMOS) software version 24, and the reliability of the tools was checked by Cronbach's alpha method and with the help of SPSS software version 23. 
Results: The findings of the research showed that social support had a significant effect on postpartum depression only indirectly (β = -0.10, p = 0.02) through resilience. In addition, it was found that marital satisfaction can both directly (β = -0.36, p = 0.0001) and indirectly affect postpartum depression through resilience (β = -0.22, p = 0.009). 
Conclusion: Resilience can be considered an anti-depressant factor in the postpartum period. Psychological interventions aimed at increasing resilience, social support and marital satisfaction, can play a significant role in preventing postpartum depression.

Structural Model of Postpartum Depression Based on Social Support and Marital Satisfaction by Mediating Resilience

Several factors can contribute to the development of postpartum depression (PPD) and negatively affect mothers' mental and physical well-being. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between fatigue, sleep quality, resilience, and the risk of PPD development.A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire distributed to mothers during their postpartum period. The risk of PPD was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), postpartum fatigue (PPF) was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and resilience was assessed using the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between the study variables. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to explain the contributions of PPF, sleep quality, and resilience as independent predictors of PPD development.A total of 1409 postpartum women were included in the analysis, with 75% of the participants reporting a risk of PPD, 61% reporting PPF, 97% reporting having sleep problems, and 36% being in the "low resilience level" category. In terms of correlations, the scores of FSS and the PSQI showed moderate positive relationships with the EPDS scores (r = 0.344 and r = 0.447, respectively, p = .000). The BRS scores were negatively associated with the EPDS scores (r = -0.530, p = 0.000). Fatigue, sleep quality, and resilience were predictors of depressive symptoms (β = 0.127, β = 0.262, and β = -0.393, respectively, R2 = 0.37, p = 0.000). The association remained significant in the regression model after adjusting for mother's age, mother's BMI, child's age, smoking status, full-term pregnancy, having a chronic disease, and taking anti-depressant.Mothers with higher levels of fatigue, poor sleep quality, and low resilience levels were at high risk of developing PPD. Healthcare providers should identify these factors and thus set better rehabilitation goals to improve overall maternal health. 

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The relationship between fatigue, sleep quality, resilience, and the risk of postpartum depression: an emphasis on maternal mental health

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The relationship between fatigue, sleep quality, resilience, and the risk of postpartum depression: an emphasis on maternal mental health