Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: sensing nucleic acids in viral infection and autoimmune diseases

Hydrogen sulfide interacts with calcium signaling to enhance the chromium tolerance in Setaria italica.

https://www.jbc.org/content/288/44/31646.full.pdf

In Vivo Substrate Diversity and Preference of Small Heat Shock Protein IbpB as Revealed by Using a Genetically Incorporated Photo-cross-linker

Ammonia has been considered the contaminant primarily responsible for respiratory disease in poultry. Even though it can cause tracheal lesions, its adverse effects on the trachea have not been sufficiently studied. The present study investigated tracheal changes in Arbor Acres broilers (Gallus gallus) induced by high concentration of ammonia using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteome analysis. In total, 3,706 proteins within false discovery rate of 1% were identified, including 119 significantly differentially expressed proteins. Functional analysis revealed that proteins related to immune response and muscle contraction were significantly enriched. With respect to the immune response, up-regulated proteins (like FGA) were pro-inflammatory, while down-regulated proteins participated in antigen processing and antigen presenting (like MYO1G), immunoglobulin and cathelicidin production (like fowlicidin-2), and immunodeficiency (like PTPRC). Regarding muscle contraction, all differentially expressed proteins (like TPM1) were up-regulated. An over-expression of mucin, which is a common feature of airway disease, was also observed. Additionally, the transcriptional alterations of 6 selected proteins were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Overall, proteomic changes suggested the onset of airway obstruction and diminished host defense in trachea after ammonia exposure. These results may serve as a valuable reference for future interventions against ammonia toxicity.

/pdf/differential-expression-analysis-of-the-broiler-tracheal-461d2y7du5.pdf

Differential expression analysis of the broiler tracheal proteins responsible for the immune response and muscle contraction induced by high concentration of ammonia using iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS

To eliminate the impact of the Doppler effects caused by the motion of the Mars explorer, a novel X-ray pulsar navigation method based on a closed-loop filter is proposed. In the pulsar signal observation period, the Doppler velocity predicted by the orbit dynamic model and the prior information is utilised to compensate the X-ray photon time-of-arrival (TOA). However, because of the error in prior information, there is a bias caused by the Doppler compensation in the pulse time-of-arrival. The pulse TOA bias and the Mars explorer's state estimation error are correlated, which results in the decline of the Kalman filter performance. To deal with this problem, we build the TOA measurement model with respect to the state estimation error, and utilise the closed-loop extended Kalman filter (EKF) as the navigation filter, where the predicted state error is adopted as the state estimation. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility, real-timeliness and effectiveness of the proposed navigation method. The navigation method based on the closed-loop EKF using the measurement model with the Doppler effects is more accurate than the traditional one.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F0DF57347F1B0CE7218FA376F710EDB8/S0373463314000216a.pdf/div-class-title-closed-loop-ekf-based-pulsar-navigation-for-mars-explorer-with-doppler-effects-div.pdf

Closed-loop EKF-based Pulsar Navigation for Mars Explorer with Doppler Effects

Proteomics is a science that focuses on the global analysis of protein expression and function in organisms. Although it is still a relatively new field, it has become increasingly important for life science research [1–3]. Since introduced in China in 1997, proteomics has developed rapidly in the past ten years in China with the support of the Chinese central and local governments. As a core part of the first Major Scientific Research Program, it is now a major research area in China. There emerge many excellent Chinese scientists, who have conducted much remarkable work in this filed [48]. In recent years, many research laboratories, facilities and centers have been established for proteomics, includingsearch Center (BPRC) is the first proteomics institute established in China, and has become a top proteomics institute. The Chinese Human Liver Proteome Project (CNHLPP) led by BPRC established the first dataset of the human liver proteome (HLP), and also the dataset of human liver tran-scriptome (HLT) which is found directly associated with HLP [9]. These achievements will greatly enhance understanding of liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepa-titis, HBV infection, and hepatic cancers, and contribute to the development of therapeutics for these diseases. To display the progress of proteomics in China, the first issue of Science China Life Sciences (2011) organizes a special issue with eight research papers in proteomics provided by Chi-nese scientists, covering mitochondrial proteome, human liver proteome, secretome extraction methods, immobilized enzyme reactors and so on. The first paper entitled \" Proteomic survey towards the tissue-specific proteins of mouse mitochondria \" by Wang et al. [10] focuses on tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins. Researchers integrated multiple approaches to systematically analyze proteins that are localized in mouse mito-chondria, finding that the tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins were widely distributed among the mouse tissues. This paper provides a set of data for exploring the biological significance of tissue-specific mitochondrial proteins. It will be helpful for understanding mitochondrial physiology and pathology. The second paper is entitled \" Antigenically dominant proteins within the human liver mitochondrial proteome identified by monoclonal antibodies \" by Ju et al. [11]. This paper also focuses on mitochondrial proteome. Researchers defined six proteins as antigenically dominant proteins, and tested the monoclonal antibodies for their ability to deplete the recognized protein from liver tissue lysates. These studies provide strong evidence that depletion of dominant proteins from liver mitochondrial samples is possible. The next paper entitled \" Toward a high …

/pdf/opportunity-and-challenge-ten-years-of-proteomics-in-china-2d1vhk0948.pdf

Opportunity and challenge: ten years of proteomics in China.

As a highly versatile intracellular signal, calcium (Ca) regulates many different cellular processes in both animal and plant systems. Disruption of Ca homeostasis contributes to several human diseases. Owing to the importance of Ca signalling, its research is now an active field in life science. There are numerous Ca signalling systems, consisting of a diverse array of signalling units that deliver Ca signals with different spatial and temporal properties [1,2], playing roles in ubiquitous biological processes including gene regulation, fuel generation, substance transport, hormone and neurotransmitter secretion, cell motility and muscle contraction [3]. Consequently, exquisite homeostasis of Ca cycling is the key for health of humans, the disruption of which is related to many human diseases such as heart failure, neuron-degeneration, and diabetes [46]. Many remarkable achievements have greatly enhanced our understanding of Ca signaling, including those from Chinese scientists [710]. The 17th International Symposium on Ca-binding Proteins and Ca Function in Health and Disease was held in Beijing, China, on July 16–20, 2011 [11], accompany which, a special issue of Science China Life Sciences was published for transducing Ca signals to effectors. The first part focused on the mechanisms in maintaining a low cytosolic level of Ca, with two articles reviewing the properties of the plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCA) in ejecting Ca into the extracellular space. First, Carafoli [12] reviewed the role of the plasma membrane calcium pump, PMCA2, in the hearing process. As an important plasma membrane Ca ATPases, PMCA2 plays an important role in maintaining intracellular Ca homeostasis in the inner ear. It is involved in the maintenance of intracellular free calcium levels and the dysfunction of which leads to deafness. Recent studies show that another important isoform of PMCA, PMCA4, has a number of roles for heart functioning [13,14]. Cartwright et al. [15] then reviewed the roles of plasma membrane calcium pumps related to cardiovascular disease, focusing on PMCA4, including its function in heart and vasculature, linking PMCA4 to contractile function, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac rhythm, blood pressure control and hypertension. Undoubtedly, further understanding of the roles of PMCAs will facilitate the development of new treatment strategies for related diseases. As a versatile intracellular messenger, Ca performs roles in many different ways to regulate cellular processes [16]. The second part of this special issue focuses on mechanisms for spatiotemporally-specific increases in cytosolic Ca. First, Lee [17] reviewed studies on the fraternal twin messengers for calcium signaling, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). Since the initial finding by Lee and his colleagues that cADPR and NAADP could liberate stored Ca, they have been shown to be active in mobilizing Ca in a wide range of cells spanning three biological kingdoms. He summarized the cADPR/NAADP/CD38signalling pathway and also described the structure and function of its components. Kimlicka and van Petegem [18] then reviewed the structural biology aspect of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) which are high-conductance ion channels

/pdf/on-ca-2-signalling-research-204kdqwhz1.pdf

On Ca 2+ signalling research

Citation: Leng F W. Build a two-way road for health industry: the current circumstance of translational medicine in China. Translational medicine is a new emerging medical practice comprising multidisciplinary research from basic sciences to clinical medicine. It is regarded as a two-way road: bench to bedside and bedside to bench, playing important roles in communications between basic and clinical scientists [1]. As a developing country with more than 1.3 billion people, China bears a complex disease spectrum. It is thus urgent for China to develop translational medicine to facilitate prediction , prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. With the energetic supports of governments and scientists, translational medicine in China has developed rapidly in recent years. The 12th issue of Science China Life Sciences in 2011 organizes a special issue––Translational medicine in China I: Perspectives from Chinese physicians and scientists [2], focusing on translational medicine in China with five reviews, making a comprehensive introduction to the current circumstance of translational medicine in China. With increasing attention and rapid development of biological research, many remarkable basic science discoveries about life have been achieved. Unfortunately, due to the limited communications between basic and clinical scientists , these valuable laboratory discoveries are difficult to be translated into clinical applications. This has opened up the demand for bridging between basic science and clinical use. The concept of translational medicine has emerged in recent years under this circumstance, aiming to facilitate the conversion of laboratory discoveries into clinical applications. The first issue of the Journal of Translational Medicine in 2003 formally declared translational medicine as a new discipline. Since then, translational medicine has developed rapidly and widely. Scientists all around the world have made many successful studies in translational medicine [36], greatly enhancing our understanding of translational medicine, and paving the way to more fruitful translational results. Actually, even before the appearance of the concept of translational medicine, there have already been many successful translational studies based on the bedside-to-bench-to-bedside translational strategy. The review entitled " Translational research: Lessons from past research, growing up nowadays, and development goal in future " by Zhang et al. [7] provides many successful examples of these classical translational studies, including the Framingham Heart Study and the development of statins to percutaneous coronary intervention treatment. Another review entitled " Liu Shih-Hao: Pioneer of translational medicine in China " by Li [8] reviews the research, teaching and clinical work of Liu Shih-Hao, …

/pdf/build-a-two-way-road-for-health-industry-the-current-iivginm8bx.pdf

Build a two-way road for health industry: the current circumstance of translational medicine in China.

/pdf/recent-progress-of-immunology-research-in-china-1zx7hyhjtj.pdf

Recent progress of immunology research in China

FOXP3 is a transcription factor that is essential for the development of regulatory T cells, a branch of T cells that suppress excessive inflammation and autoimmunity1-5. However, the molecular mechanisms of FOXP3 remain unclear. Here we here show that FOXP3 uses the forkhead domain-a DNA-binding domain that is commonly thought to function as a monomer or dimer-to form a higher-order multimer after binding to TnG repeat microsatellites. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of FOXP3 in a complex with T3G repeats reveals a ladder-like architecture, whereby two double-stranded DNA molecules form the two 'side rails' bridged by five pairs of FOXP3 molecules, with each pair forming a 'rung'. Each FOXP3 subunit occupies TGTTTGT within the repeats in a manner that is indistinguishable from that of FOXP3 bound to the forkhead consensus motif (TGTTTAC). Mutations in the intra-rung interface impair TnG repeat recognition, DNA bridging and the cellular functions of FOXP3, all without affecting binding to the forkhead consensus motif. FOXP3 can tolerate variable inter-rung spacings, explaining its broad specificity for TnG-repeat-like sequences in vivo and in vitro. Both FOXP3 orthologues and paralogues show similar TnG repeat recognition and DNA bridging. These findings therefore reveal a mode of DNA recognition that involves transcription factor homomultimerization and DNA bridging, and further implicates microsatellites in transcriptional regulation and diseases. 

FOXP3 recognizes microsatellites and bridges DNA through multimerization

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