Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process (e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.

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Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties

The versatile family of nanoparticles is considered to have a huge impact on the different fields of materials research, mostly nanoelectronics, catalytic chemistry and in study of cytocompatibility, targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering. Different approaches for nanoparticle preparation have been developed, not only based on "bottom up" and "top down" techniques, but also several procedures of effective nanoparticle modifications have been successfully used. This paper is focused on different techniques of nanoparticles' preparation, with primary focus on metal nanoparticles. Dispergation methods such as laser ablation and vacuum sputtering are introduced. Condensation methods such as reduction with sodium citrate, the Brust-Schiffrin method and approaches based on ultraviolet light or biosynthesis of silver and gold are also discussed. Basic properties of colloidal solutions are described. Also a historical overview of nanoparticles are briefly introduced together with short introduction to specific properties of nanoparticles and their solutions.

Methods of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Preparation

Biosynthesis of Se nanoparticles and its effect on UV-induced DNA damage.

The present study reports the eco-friendly synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNps) and their characterization. Synthesis of SeNps was carried out by incubating aqueous sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) with an alcoholic extract of guava (Psidium guajava) leaf. The biosynthesis was completed in 3 h which was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the surface plasmon resonance observed at 381 nm. FTIR spectroscopy data reveals that ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds present in guava leaves are responsible for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Transmissions electron microscopy (TEM) analysis shows the synthesized SeNps are spherical, having a diameter in the range of 8–20 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles show antibacterial effect on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that SeNps disrupt the bacterial cell structure. The bactericidal effect was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The toxicity was analyzed by MTT assay against HepG2 cell and CHO cells lines. The nanoparticles were found to be biocompatible with potent antibacterial properties.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Selenium Using Plant Biomolecules and Their Potential Applications

Controllable biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from a Eucommia ulmoides bark aqueous extract.

The biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using catclaw buttercup (Radix Ranunculi Ternati) and their stability have been reported in this paper. The aqueous catclaw buttercup was used as mild reducing agent for gold nanoparticles synthesis from HAuCl4 solutions. The influence of reaction time, temperature and mass ratio of HAuCl4/catclaw buttercup were evaluated to investigate their effects on gold nanoparticles synthesis. Under the optimized reaction parameters, the gold nanoparticles obtained are characterized by UV-vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), EDAX technique (EDX), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), FTIR spectrum, anthrone-sulfuric colorimetric method, and plus Improved-Lowry Protein Assay Kit. The HRTEM images showed that the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles are mostly spherical with size range from 9-24 nm. Furthermore, it was found that the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles possessed outstanding colloid stability in aqueous solutions as a function of category and concentration of monovalent salt and pH value of the solution when compared with chemosynthetic ones with the similar size. Anthrone-sulfuric colorimetric method revealed that there is no sugar in the biosynthesized gold colloid. While Improved-Lowry tests results demonstrated that the existence of much protein in the biosynthesized gold colloid, which may played an important role in stabilization of it. Owing to their stability, biocompatibility, lower cost and so on, gold nanoparticles synthesized by this biosynthesis method show potential application prospect in optoelectronic and biomedicine.

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using catclaw buttercup (Radix Ranunculi Ternati) and evaluation of its colloidal stability.

In this paper, a pH-inductive protein-scaffold biosynthesis of shape-tunable crystalline gold nanoparticles at room temperature has been developed. By simple manipulation of the reaction solution's pH, anisotropic gold nanoparticles including spheres, triangles and cubes could be produced by incubating an aqueous solution of sodium tetrachloroaurate with Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis biomasses after immersion in ultrapure Millipore water overnight. A moss protein with molecular weight of about 71 kDa and pI of 4.9 was the primary biomolecule involved in the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. The secondary configuration of the proteins by CD spectrum implied that the moss protein could display different secondary configurations including random coil, α-helix and intermediate conformations between random coil and α-helix for the experimental pH solution. The growth process of gold nanoparticles further showed that the moss protein with different configurations provided the template scaffold for the shape-controlled biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. The constrained shape of the gold nanoparticles, however, disappeared in boiled moss extract. The gold nanoparticles with designed morphology were successfully reconstructed using the moss protein purified from the gold nanoparticles. Structural characterizations by SEM, TEM and SAED showed that the triangular and cubic gold nanoparticles were single crystalline.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/22/35/355603/pdf

pH induced protein-scaffold biosynthesis of tunable shape gold nanoparticles

http://www.cell.com/article/S2589004222021344/pdf

Distinct niche structures and intrinsic programs of fallopian tube and ovarian surface epithelial cells

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Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using catclaw buttercup (Radix Ranunculi Ternati) and evaluation of its colloidal stability.

pH induced protein-scaffold biosynthesis of tunable shape gold nanoparticles

Distinct niche structures and intrinsic programs of fallopian tube and ovarian surface epithelial cells