Coupling analysis of shielded and unshielded star quad cables excited by an intentional electromagnetic pulse (IEMP) is investigated using the transmission line theory-based perturbation technique. A detailed modal analysis is presented to obtain the modal per-unit-length parameters of the modal signals in such shielded/unshielded star quad cables. Due to their geometrical balanced structures, with opposite wires used for +leg and −leg to transfer the differential-mode (DM) signal, the external coupling is dramatically suppressed. Moreover, stochastic analyses based on the Monte Carlo simulation are also performed to study the sensitivity of the induced common-mode (CM) and DM currents, due to the deformation effects of the twisting structure of the cable. It is found that the induced CM and DM currents are slightly affected by the twisting deformation of the cable because the interference cancelations do not mainly depend on the twisting loops of the cable. In particular, time domain analysis is performed to study the field-to-wire coupling of the star quad cables exposed to an IEMP, where the worst-case waveform signals in the presence of an IEMP attack are captured and analyzed. 

Coupling Analysis of Shielded and Unshielded Star Quad Cables Excited by an Intentional Electromagnetic Pulse

With the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the escalating electromagnetic environment in space, there has been growing attention and research focus on the strong electromagnetic effects and electromagnetic protection design of UAVs. This paper aims to introduce the potential strong electromagnetic interference that UAVs may encounter during flight. It specifically concentrates on three crucial subsystems: the datalink system, the flight control and navigation system, and the power system. The goal is to provide an overview of the current state of research on the strong electromagnetic effects of UAVs, along with a discussion of commonly employed research methods. Additionally, this paper introduces various means of strong electromagnetic protection that can be utilized for UAVs. Finally, it concludes with a summary of the research status and development trends concerning the effects of strong electromagnetic interference and the corresponding protection measures for UAVs.

Strong Electromagnetic Interference and Protection in UAVs

Coupling analysis of shielded and unshielded star quad cables excited by an intentional electromagnetic pulse (IEMP) is investigated using the transmission line theory-based perturbation technique. A detailed modal analysis is presented to obtain the modal per-unit-length parameters of the modal signals in such shielded/unshielded star quad cables. Due to their geometrical balanced structures, with opposite wires used for +leg and −leg to transfer the differential-mode (DM) signal, the external coupling is dramatically suppressed. Moreover, stochastic analyses based on the Monte Carlo simulation are also performed to study the sensitivity of the induced common-mode (CM) and DM currents, due to the deformation effects of the twisting structure of the cable. It is found that the induced CM and DM currents are slightly affected by the twisting deformation of the cable because the interference cancelations do not mainly depend on the twisting loops of the cable. In particular, time domain analysis is performed to study the field-to-wire coupling of the star quad cables exposed to an IEMP, where the worst-case waveform signals in the presence of an IEMP attack are captured and analyzed.

In this article, the skin and proximity effects formulas of solid and hollow conductors with different radii are accurately formulated using exact expressions of electric and magnetic fields around them. Moreover, both approximation and simplification of the developed formulas are also provided for higher frequency applications, where the skin depth is significantly smaller than the conductor radius. Consequently, it is shown that these approximate expressions can help us to understand the coupling mechanisms of noncoaxial and twinax cables with hollow shields, where the transfer impedances of the shields are determined with an inner conductor located at a noncoaxial location. The coupling through a hollow shield of a twinax cable is also investigated, and the induced common- and differential-mode currents are predicted in very fast and accurate way. The proposed method is validated by making comparisons with both COMSOL Multiphysics and HFSS software with different numerical methods employed.

Fast and Accurate Semi-Analytical Solution to Skin and Proximity Effects in Shielded Cable Systems

Undesired conversion between common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) noise often occurs in modern electronic and electrical systems, posing challenges in terms of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Modal analysis represents a crucial tool in EMC investigation and provides insight into the mechanism underlying mode conversion. By inspecting CM and DM behaviors and their interconversion, it allows for understanding of conducted emission propagation mechanisms, drives electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter design towards optimal/tailored solutions, and enables the possibility to identify the main contributors to the radiated emission phenomenon. This paper offers a comprehensive review of mathematical methodologies and modelling strategies for EMC-oriented modal analysis, with particular emphasis on mode conversion phenomena. To this end, modal decomposition techniques and standard parameters for quantifying mode conversion are summarized and compared. Additionally, the paper provides an overview and in-depth discussion of different scenarios and test cases in which mode conversion occurs, with the final goal to achieve a systematic comprehension of its root causes and consequences within power and communication systems. Eventually, a survey of circuit modelling approaches for mode conversion is presented, offering insights into addressing this phenomenon effectively.

Mode Conversion and Modal Analysis in Electromagnetic Compatibility

An efficient transmission line model of high-speed cables is established, to predict its response at a high-frequency region (up to 20 GHz). Especially, an appropriate conformal mapping technique is applied to formulate the per-unit-length parameters of high-speed cables. Moreover, the skin and proximity effects of the conducting wires and the outer shield are derived in the closed form. As a result, the AC resistance/ inductance of all the conducting materials due to the skin and proximity effects are accurately incorporated for both layered and unlayered conductors. Furthermore, the mixed-mode S-parameters are precisely predicted for both balanced and unbalanced transmission line cables in the high-frequency region. In addition, the effects of the nonuniformities and cable geometry deformation on the mode conversions are also investigated. The proposed model is firstly validated with commercial software tools, COMSOL, FEKO, and HFSS; then, we further performed physical measurements to verify our new algorithm.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09895244.pdf

Accurate Formulation of the Skin and Proximity Effects in High-Speed Cable System

In this article, deep neural network (DNN) and chain parameter methods are used to analyze the crosstalk coupling of a star‐quad and a twisted bundle of twisted wire pairs (TBTWP) cables for different excitations, respectively. A DNN is used to extract the per‐unit‐length (p.u.l) resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance (RLCG) parameters at any position for the star‐quad and TBTWP cables. The induced common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) currents due to crosstalk are calculated by combining the obtained RLCG parameters with the chain parameter method. The obtained results show good agreement with that of FEKO software. Moreover, it is found that the star‐quad cable can reduce the external coupling more effectively than that of the TBTWP cable. Finally, measurements are performed to further validate the accuracy of our proposed algorithm.

Crosstalk analysis of twisted bundle of twisted wire pairs (TBTWPs) and star‐quad cables under the effect of inner and outer excitations

A transmission line model is generalized to characterize the effect of electromagnetic plane wave coupling with shielded twisted wire pair (TWP)/twinax cables with apertures on their shield. The model is applied in order to predict the response of the shielded TWP/twinax cables by obtaining the induced common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) currents due to external electromagnetic interference. Therefore, the field-to-wire coupling to the outer shield is solved by applying the transmission line model. After that, the transfer impedance and admittance of the shield with line apertures are used to model the coupling from the outer shield to the inner wires. It is shown that the shielded TWP has better performance than the twinax cable in reducing the external interference. The results are validated using the commercial software FEKO, where a good agreement is obtained.

Transmission Line Model of Field-to-wire Coupling with Shielded TWP/Twinax Cables with line Apertures

In the previous studies, it has been found that the high-speed cables with a spiral shield generate narrow stopbands, the so-called "suck-out" at the high-frequency region. Therefore, this paper investigates the "suck-out" phenomenon caused by the spiral shields of high-speed cables in detail, where its physical interpretation is determined. To do that, two high-speed cables with spiral and folded shields structures are investigated by obtaining their mixed-mode S-parameters. The spiral shield's periodic structure behaves like an antenna array and radiates a large amount of energy at the "suck-out" frequencies. Moreover, it is found that two high-speed cables with a spiral shield have higher crosstalk than those with a folded shield. The proposed results are validated using the measurement data, where a good agreement is obtained.

Modeling and Physical Explanation of the "Suck- Out" in High-Speed Transmission Line Cables

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