Faiz Mumtaz

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the enzyme that accelerates the breakdown of the superoxide anion, O2-to-H2O) on nitric oxide (NO)-mediated and electrical field stimulated (EFS) relaxation in diabetic rabbit cavernosal smooth muscle was investigated.

TL;DR: It is concluded that 5HT causes growth proliferation and 5HT antagonists cause growth inhibition in a variety of tumour cells (e.g. prostate carcinoma, lung carcinoma and colonic carcinoma) and further studies should look into the potential use of 5 HT antagonists in the treatment of cancer.

TL;DR: The use of sildenafil as an effective, orally administered, treatment for diabetic erectile dysfunction is supported and the impairment of NO-mediated relaxation of the corpus cavernosum is suggested to reflect, at least in part, a defect in guanylyl cyclase activity.

Abstract: The collection and storage of urine by the detrusor and its periodic expulsion through the bladder neck and urethra (bladder outlet) are dependent upon complex neural pathways [1]. The neurotransmitters and the mechanisms that regulate these pathways are not only of research interest but may also provide a basis for therapeutic intervention in patients with voiding dysfunction. A decade ago, the study of amine mediators such as noradrenaline and acetylcholine (ACh) released by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, respectively, dominated pharmacological research in the lower urinary tract. Recently, several nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) mediators have been recognized to play a signi®cant role in the physiology of the lower urinary tract [2]. Over the last decade, nitric oxide (NO) has increasingly gained recognition as an important cell mediator with a broad range of functions in the lower urinary tract. It is considered to be an important inhibitory NANC neurotransmitter as well as a modulator of the cellular immune response to invading microorganisms and tumour cells in the lower urinary tract of different animal species, including humans. This review examines the possible mechanisms by which NO may in ̄uence the function of the lower urinary tract, emphasising the source and synthesis of NO, its mechanisms of action and its evolving role in the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract disorders.