Tissue engineering endeavors to regenerate tissues and organs through appropriate cellular and molecular interactions at biological interfaces. To this aim, bio-mimicking scaffolds have been designed and practiced to regenerate and repair dysfunctional tissues by modifying cellular activity. Cellular activity and intracellular signaling are performances given to a tissue as a result of the function of elaborated electrically conductive materials. In some cases, conductive materials have exhibited antibacterial properties; moreover, such materials can be utilized for on-demand drug release. Various types of materials ranging from polymers to ceramics and metals have been utilized as parts of conductive tissue engineering scaffolds, having conductivity assortments from a range of semi-conductive to conductive. The cellular and molecular activity can also be affected by the microstructure; therefore, the fabrication methods should be evaluated along with an appropriate selection of conductive materials. This review aims to address the research progress toward the use of electrically conductive materials for the modulation of cellular response at the material-tissue interface for tissue engineering applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/9/448/pdf

Electrically Conductive Materials: Opportunities and Challenges in Tissue Engineering

Polythiophene (PTh) was electrochemically polymerized onto the multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified carbon paper by a galvanostatic method in an oil-in-ionic liquid microemulsion (O/IL). The as-prepared PTh/MWCNT composite had an interlaced framework morphology, in which the MWCNTs were uniformly coated by PTh with a thickness of 2–3 nm. The capacitive performance of the as-prepared PTh/MWCNT composite was tested in 1 mol L−1 Na2SO4 solution. The results showed that the composite film had a favorable capacitance with a high electron transfer rate and low resistance. The highest specific capacitance could be achieved as high as 216 F g−1 with the charge loading of 300 mC at a current density of 1 A g−1. The PTh/MWCNT composite had a good cycle stability with a low fading rate of specific capacitance after 500 cycles. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the as-prepared PTh/MWCNT composite to be used as an electrode material for supercapacitors.

A high-performance supercapacitor based on a polythiophene/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite by electropolymerization in an ionic liquid microemulsion

Biofuel cells based on direct enzyme-electrode contacts using PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase/bilirubin oxidase and modified carbon nanotube materials.

Transition metal doped poly(aniline-co-pyrrole)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for high performance supercapacitor electrode materials

Polyester is a versatile commercially significant polymer (thermoplastic/thermoset) well-known for its biodegradability and excellent thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties. Synthetic aromati...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/8756087918783827

Review of fundamentals and applications of polyester nanocomposites filled with carbonaceous nanofillers

In this endeavor, a new type of nanocomposites has been developed from conducting organic polymers (layer-by-layer in situ polymerization of various monomers) and functionalized multiwalled carbon ...

New polyaniline/polypyrrole/polythiophene and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites Layer-by-layer in situ polymerization

Single and multilayered nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), Epoxy, polystyrene (PS) and functionalized carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been synthesized as PANI/MWCNTs, PPy/MWCNTs, Epoxy/MWCNTs, PS/MWCNTs, PANI/PPy/MWCNTs, PANI/PPy/Epoxy/MWCNTs and PANI/PPy/Epoxy/PS/MWCNTs. Layering of matrices on filler surface through layer-by-layer oxidative polymerization was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. According to SEM, doubly layered PANI/PPy/MWCNTs revealed finely dispersed granular layer of polypyrrole over the surface of polyaniline. Thermogravimetric analysis of multilayered PANI/PPy/Epoxy/PS/MWCNTs showed degradation at enhanced temperature 400–750°C and char yield 45% at 900°C. Improvement in glass transition of layered material was observed from 275°C (PANI/PPyMWCNTs) −354°C (PANI/PPy/Epoxy/PS/MWCNTs).

Facile Synthesis and Properties of Multilayered Polyaniline/Polypyrrole/Epoxy/Polystyrene/Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Composites

Theoretical and experimental investigations: Synergetic effect of Yb–Cu substitution on different properties of hexagonal ferrites

A series of divalent Zn substituted T-type hexagonal ferrite material having the composition (x= 0.0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.1) was synthesized by using the sol-gel auto combustion method. Structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of T-type hexagonal ferrite were explored by using an X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Precision multiferroic II. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed the single hexagonal phase ferrites for all the samples. With the substitution of the ions, the change in the values of lattice constants ‘a’, ‘c’ and unit cell volume was observed. The Debye Scherrer formula was used to calculate the crystallite size which was determined to be varied in the range of 26.3nm to 28.3nm. FTIR spectra also indicated that the present synthesized material had single-phase hexagonal structure. SEM micrographs revealed the agglomeration of small grains. The average grain size was found to be 0.331um which might be suitable for microwave absorption applications. The Polarization verse Electric field (P-E) loops unveiled the increase in saturation and remnant polarization. The P-E loops also exhibited the lossy behavior after substitution and the increase in lossy behavior with substitution results in an increase in conductivity of the material.

/pdf/structural-morphology-electrical-polarization-and-ftir-1gtvwrtu.pdf

Structural, Morphology, Electrical Polarization and FTIR Properties of Zn Substituted T-type Hexagonal Ferrites

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New polyaniline/polypyrrole/polythiophene and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites Layer-by-layer in situ polymerization

Facile Synthesis and Properties of Multilayered Polyaniline/Polypyrrole/Epoxy/Polystyrene/Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Composites

Theoretical and experimental investigations: Synergetic effect of Yb–Cu substitution on different properties of hexagonal ferrites

Structural, Morphology, Electrical Polarization and FTIR Properties of Zn Substituted T-type Hexagonal Ferrites