Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus that causes economically important anthracnose diseases on numerous monocot and dicot crops worldwide. As a model pathosystem, the Colletotrichum–Arabidopsis interaction has the significant advantage that both organisms can be manipulated genetically. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the system and to point out recent significant studies that update our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. higginsianum and resistance mechanisms of Arabidopsis against this hemibiotrophic fungus. The genome sequence of C. higginsianum has provided insights into how genome structure and pathogen genetic variability has been shaped by transposable elements, and allows systematic approaches to longstanding areas of investigation, including infection structure differentiation and fungal–plant interactions. The Arabidopsis-Colletotrichum pathosystem provides an integrated system, with extensive information on the host plant and availability of genomes for both partners, to illustrate many of the important concepts governing fungal–plant interactions, and to serve as an excellent starting point for broad perspectives into issues in plant pathology.

Colletotrichum higginsianum as a Model for Understanding Host⁻Pathogen Interactions: A Review.

Verticillium dahliae causes a serious wilt disease of important crops and is difficult to control. Few plasma-membrane transport proteins for nutrient acquisition have been identified for this fungus, and their involvement in the disease process is unknown. Here, a plasma-membrane protein, the V. dahliae thiamine transporter protein VdThit, was characterized functionally by deletion of the VdThit gene in V. dahliae. Disruption strains were viable, but growth and conidial germination and production were reduced and virulence was impaired. Interestingly, by supplementing exogenous thiamine, growth, conidiation, and virulence of the VdΔThit mutants were partially restored. Stress-tolerance assays showed that the VdΔThit mutant strains were markedly more susceptible to oxidative stress and UV damage. High-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed low levels of pyruvate metabolism intermediates acetoin and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the VdΔThit mutant strains, suggesting that pyruvate metabolism was suppressed. Expression analysis of VdThit confirmed the importance of VdThit in vegetative growth, reproduction, and invasive hyphal growth. Furthermore, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled VdΔThit mutant (VdΔThit-7-GFP) was suppressed in initial infection and root colonization, as viewed with light microscopy. Together, these results showed that VdThit plays an indispensable role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae.

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/MPMI-03-16-0057-R

VdThit, a Thiamine Transport Protein, Is Required for Pathogenicity of the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium dahliae

Dynamic transcriptional changes of the host early responses genes were detected in PVY-resistant tobacco varieties infected with Potato virus Y; PVY resistance is a complex process that needs series of stress responses.
 Potato virus Y (PVY) causes a severe viral disease in cultivated crops, especially in Solanum plants. To understand the molecular basis of plant responses to the PVY stress, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and microarray approaches were combined to identify the potentially important or novel genes that were involved in early stages (12 h, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 days) of tobacco response to PVY infection. Dynamic changes of the host plant early responses to PVY infection on a transcriptional level were detected. In total, 167 different expressed ESTs were identified. The majority of genes involved in the metabolic process were found to be down-regulated at 12 h and 1 day, and then up-regulated at least one later period. Genes related to signaling and transcriptions were almost up-regulated at 12 h, 1 or 2 days, while stress response genes were almost up-regulated at a later stage. Genes involved in transcription, transport, cell wall, and several stress responses were found to have changed expression during the PVY infection stage, and numbers of these genes have not been previously reported to be associated with tobacco PVY infection. The diversity expression of these genes indicated that PVY resistance is a complex process that needs a series of stress responses. To resist the PVY infection, the tobacco plant has numerous active and silent responses.

Dynamic expression analysis of early response genes induced by potato virus Y in PVY-resistant Nicotiana tabacum.

Sexual reproduction remains an understudied feature of oomycete biology. To expand our knowledge of this process, we used RNA-seq and quantitative proteomics to examine matings in Phytophthora infestans. Exhibiting significant changes in mRNA abundance in three matings between different A1 and A2 strains compared to nonmating controls were 1170 genes, most being mating-induced. Rising by >10-fold in at least one cross were 455 genes, and 182 in all three crosses. Most genes had elevated expression in a self-fertile strain. Many mating-induced genes were associated with cell wall biosynthesis, which may relate to forming the thick-walled sexual spore (oospore). Several gene families were induced during mating including one encoding histidine, serine, and tyrosine-rich putative wall proteins, and another encoding prolyl hydroxylases which may strengthen the extracellular matrix. The sizes of these families vary >10-fold between Phytophthora species and one exhibits concerted evolution, highlighting two features of genome dynamics within the genus. Proteomic analyses of mature oospores and nonmating hyphae using isobaric tags for quantification identified 835 shared proteins, with 5% showing >2-fold changes in abundance between the tissues. Enriched in oospores were β-glucanases potentially involved in digesting the oospore wall during germination. Despite being dormant, oospores contained a mostly normal complement of proteins required for core cellular functions. The RNA-seq data generated here and in prior studies were used to identify new housekeeping controls for gene expression studies that are more stable than existing normalization standards. We also observed >2-fold variation in the fraction of polyA+ RNA between life stages, which should be considered when quantifying transcripts and may also be relevant to understanding translational control during development.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals wall-associated and glucan-degrading proteins with potential roles in Phytophthora infestans sexual spore development

Identification of differentially activated pathways in Phytophthora sojae at the mycelial, cyst, and oospore stages by TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis.

The importin α subunit PsIMPA1 mediates the oxidative stress response and is required for the pathogenicity of Phytophthora sojae

Abstract Clematoclethra scandens subsp. actinidioides (Actinidiaceae) is an endemic medicinal species in China. Here, we first sequenced and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of C. scandens subsp. actinidioides. The chloroplast genome was 159,341 bp in length, containing a large single-copy of 88,351 bp and a small single-copy of 21,580 bp separated by a pair of identical inverted repeat regions of 24,705 bp each. A total of 131 genes were identified, including 84 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNA, and eight rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis of C. scandens subsp. actinidioides showed a relatively close relationship with Clematoclethra scandens subsp. hemsleyi.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23802359.2022.2110532?needAccess=true

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Clematoclethra scandens subsp. actinidioides (Actinidiaceae)

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The importin α subunit PsIMPA1 mediates the oxidative stress response and is required for the pathogenicity of Phytophthora sojae

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Clematoclethra scandens subsp. actinidioides (Actinidiaceae)