Review of current regulations, available technologies, and future trends in the green shipping industry

Zero-emission propulsion system featuring, Flettner rotors, batteries and fuel cells, for a merchant ship

Abstract To achieve the goal of a 50% reduction of CO 2 emission in the maritime industry by 2050, different systems and solutions were proposed by researchers. Rigid wind sails, rotor sails, suction wings, and kites were developed to contribute to cleaner and environment-friendly transportation by reducing total fuel and energy consumption. In the present study, a ship dynamics model of KVLCC2 consisting of hull, rudder, propeller, and sailing system was built considering the effects of wind and wave. Firstly, the amount of energy consumption reduction of both systems was examined under different wind directions and wind speeds. It was found that a single sailing system can reduce total energy consumption by up to 10%. Then, the effects of the ship speed, the position of the sailing system, and the number of sails on the reduction of energy consumption were examined. It was found that the amount of overall energy reduction reaches around 23% and 16% when the number of sails was increased to 10 rigid wind sails and 10 rotor sails, respectively. The effects of waves were also investigated, and it was revealed that wave forces decrease the percent energy reduction more when environmental conditions become more severe, starting from the Beaufort scale of 7. 

Investigation of the efficiency of wind-assisted systems using model-based design approach

ABSTRACTThis study proposes a novel onboard carbon capture system (OCCS) with reduced fuel consumption. The proposed system included a heat pump with an intermediate heat exchanger, a parallel compressor, and a steam compressor. The proposed system consumed 43% less fuel than the boiler for producing the same amount of steam, which was required for CO2 stripping. In addition, a blended solvent of amino methyl propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ) was applied to the OCCS. A rate-based process simulation indicated that this solvent resulted in 22% lower reboiler duty, compared to a monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. Further, it was shown that the proposed OCCS with the heat pump and the AMP/PZ solvent achieved a reduction of approximately 50% in both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions along with 26.9 USD reduction for capturing one ton of CO2, compared to the OCCS with a boiler and MEA solvent.KEYWORDS: CO2 emissionssteam generationrate-based modelheat pump Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis study was supported by the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean engineering, grant from Endowment Project of “Technology Development of Onboard Carbon Capture and Storage System and Pilot Test” funded by Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries [grand number PES4750]. 

Process design and energy assessment of an onboard carbon capture system with boilers or heat pumps for additional steam generation

Circulation-controlled wind-assisted ship propulsion: Technical innovations for future shipping industry decarbonization

Wind-assisted propulsion (WASP) is one of the most promising ship propulsion alternatives that radically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and are available today. Using the example of a RoPax ferry, this study presents the performance potential of WASP systems under realistic weather conditions. Different design alternatives and system layouts are discussed. Further, uncertainties in the performance prediction of WASP systems are analyzed. Included in the analysis are the sail forces as well as the aero- and hydrodynamic interaction effects, i.e., the sail–sail and sail–deck interaction as well as the drift and yaw of the ship. As a result, this study provides guidelines on the most important parameters when designing and modeling a WASP ship. Finally, the study presents an analysis of the expected accuracy of the employed empirical/analytical performance prediction model ShipCLEAN.

/pdf/retrofitting-wasp-to-a-ropax-vessel-design-performance-and-2yycx012.pdf

Retrofitting WASP to a RoPax Vessel—Design, Performance and Uncertainties

Wind-assisted ship propulsion is considered an effective method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents numerical analyses of the aerodynamics of a single rigid wingsail conducted using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (uRANS) equations. The wingsail is designed with a new sectional profile: a crescent-shaped foil. This new profile and the classical NACA 0015 profile were compared. Simulations were performed in two and three dimensions, with a focus on key physical quantities such as the external loads on the wingsail, the flow field, and the propulsive performance. It is concluded that the wingsail with the crescent-shaped section has higher propulsion efficiency than the NACA 0015. However, stronger flow separation was detected for the crescent-shaped section. As the separation deteriorates, the flow unsteadiness, challenges the strength and stability of the wingsail structure. The three-dimensional simulations of both profiles, particularly NACA 0015, show that the tip vortices induced from the side edge of the wingsail account for substantial negative effects on the propulsion performance. A case study revealed that installing a wingsail with a crescent-shaped profile reduced fuel consumption by 9% compared with no wingsail. 

Propulsive performance of a rigid wingsail with crescent-shaped profiles

A ship performance model is an important factor in energy-efficient navigation. It formulates a speed–power relationship that can be used to adjust the engine loads for dynamic energy optimisation. However, currently available models have been developed for sea-going vessels, where the environmental conditions are significantly different from those experienced on inland waterways. Inland waterway shipping has great potential to become a mode of transport that can both improve safety and reduce emissions. Therefore, this paper presents the development of an energy performance model specifically for inland waterway vessels (IWVs). The holistic ship energy system model is based on empirical methods, from resistance to engine performance prediction, established in a modular code architecture. The resistance and propulsion prediction in confined waterways are captured by a newly developed method, considering a superposing of shallow water and bank effect. Verification against model tests and high-fidelity simulations indicate that the selected empirical methods achieved good accuracy for predicting ship performance. The resistance prediction error was 5.2% for single vessels and 8% for pusher-barge convoys based on empirical methods. The results of a case study investigating the performance of a self-propelled vessel under dynamic waterway data, indicate that the developed model could be used for onboard power monitoring and energy optimisation during operation. 

Development of a ship performance model for power estimation of inland waterway vessels

Nonlinear model predictive control for path following of autonomous inland vessels in confined waterways

Operational performance optimization is a key element to reduce both fuel consumption and emissions and meet current and upcoming legislation, e.g., the EEXI, the CII and the European ETS. While technical innovation and improvements are important, the careful use of fuel on board plays a vital role to meet these targets. Here route and speed optimization are decisive. The basis of any approach to operational optimization is a digital twin which allows predicting the behavior of the ship and its energy consuming systems in a reliable and suitably accurate way. Here geometry plays an important role. The German R&D project MariData (maridata.org) addresses (present) shortcomings of onboard energy management systems. One specific element highlighted in this paper focuses on the desired quality of geometric representations for digital twins when used as a basis for performance analysis and improved energy consumption during operation. The paper compares different approaches and necessary levels of modeling fidelity to indicate attainable accuracy, aiming at further elucidating how good hydrodynamics need to be represented.

The Need for Sufficiently Accurate Geometrical Representations of Ship Hull Forms for Digital Twins for Performance Prediction

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