Abstract Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a pest in barn, and its eggs are often utilized as an alternative prey or as hosts for mass production of insect predators and parasitoids. To aid in developing a mass-rearing system for C. castella, the suitability of using an artificial diet based on brown rice flour and whole brown rice was compared using the age-stage, 2-sex life table. Compared with those reared on brown rice, the insects reared on an artificial diet had a shorter preadult period (32.08 vs 37.38 d), higher fecundity (468.14 vs 356.20 eggs/female), greater intrinsic rate of increase (0.1509 vs 0.1145 d−1), and higher net reproductive rate (199.28 vs 103.52 offspring). Small populations were required to rear the moth on an artificial diet to achieve the same daily production of C. cautella. Still, the food expense was only 60.2% of that of C. cautella reared on brown rice. Approximately 99.44% of the eggs in each rearing procedure could be supplied as alternative prey for predators, with the remainder served to maintain the colonies for subsequent batches. Only eggs laid within 6 d would be utilized to ensure the high quality of alternative prey for the mass production of predacious bugs. Additionally, a multifunctional device was designed for moth rearing and egg collection, reducing labor input and minimizing health risks for workers coping with inhaled scales. To encourage the production of natural enemies, a cost-effective diet for maintaining a sustainable colony, and a system for daily egg-harvesting of alternative prey were proposed. 

Cost-effectiveness evaluation of mass-rearing Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) based on harvest theory for sustainable alternative prey production

Introduction Among probiotics, Lactic Acid Bacteria modulate host immunity via strain-specific molecular patterns. The invertebrate model Galleria mellonella offers conserved innate immune pathways and is increasingly applied for preclinical screening of probiotic functions. Methods We evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 and Lentilactobacillus kefiri DSM 10551 in G. mellonella . Larvae were injected with 10 6 CFU/larva of each strain, and survival and health indices were monitored for 72 h. The temporal transcriptional response of ten innate immunity-related genes, including Toll and IMD signalling, Toll receptor, cytokine-like ligand, and antimicrobial effectors, was assessed via qRT-PCR over 3–24 hours, complemented by correlation and hierarchical clustering to identify co-expression modules and strain-specific transcriptional patterns. Results Both strains were non-toxic and induced strain-dependent gene expression patterns. L. plantarum induced a stronger and more sustained activation of immune signalling pathways and effector responses, whereas L. kefiri was characterised by an earlier and prolonged activation of stress-related and tissue-protective mechanisms. Correlation and clustering analyses revealed distinct co-expression modules that reflect modulation of the Toll and IMD pathways. Discussion These findings suggest that G. mellonella could serve as a cost-effective in vivo model for functional screening of Lactobacillus spp. with immunomodulatory potential and possible translational relevance to human innate immunity. 

pdf/in-vivo-functional-screening-on-innate-immunity-of-lactic-v2266hwmdiwk.pdf

In vivo functional screening on innate immunity of lactic acid bacteria in Galleria mellonella preclinical model: comparative analysis of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus kefiri

The Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) has great nutritional potential for humans and animals and is currently used as a model organism in many biological studies, despite its damage to the apicultural industry and wild honeybee colonies. Yeast extract that promotes insect development and reproduction by containing many necessary nutrients has always been an important yet expensive ingredient in the majority of artificial diets for G. mellonella. To better understand the influence of yeast extract content on G. mellonella mass-rearing, the life table parameters from G. mellonella mass-reared on increasing amounts of yeast (0% in control, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 9% of the total diet, respectively) under laboratory conditions were analysed according to age-stage, two-sex life table theory. Harvest rate and recruitment cost to produce 10,000 pupae were also assessed to help identify an economically sustainable rearing system. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) varied among diets. Highest values found in the G. mellonella population reared on a 9% yeast extract diet did not differ significantly from those of diets consisting of 4, 6, and 7% yeast extract, whereas these parameters were lowest in yeast-free artificial diets. The cheapest daily cost of rearing a population was 3,966.57 CNY (Chinese Yuan), and the heaviest pupal weight for both females and males (398.10±9.26 and 316.00±7.92 mg, respectively) were found with an artificial diet of 4% yeast extract. This study demonstrates that excessive dietary yeast extract is not always beneficial to G. mellonella. The most effective yeast extract percentage in G. mellonella mass-rearing diets is about 4% based on life table parameters, computer projection, and harvesting costs.

Function of yeast extract in greater wax moth farming: does yeast extract always improve the development and reproduction of insects?

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Function of yeast extract in greater wax moth farming: does yeast extract always improve the development and reproduction of insects?