The ultimate source of water for plants is precipitation; rain falling upon soil penetrates it at a rate depending upon the physical properties of that particular soil; snow and hail do the same after melting. If the rate of rainfall or the rate of production of water by melting exceeds the infiltration rate, then surface runoff occurs and the excess water drains into streams and eventually reaches the sea. That water which penetrates the soil replenishes the soil reservoir and when this is filled to capacity (see chapter 3) the surplus drains through into the aquifers. These are strata such as sand or chalk which can hold substantial quantities of recoverable water. Water held in the soil reservoir is drawn into plant roots and up their stems to be evaporated from the leaves back into the atmosphere, where it rejoins water evaporated from the sea, lakes and rivers and from the surface of wet soil. This so-called hydrological cycle (figure 1.2) depends for its continuance upon energy derived from the sun’s radiation and as will be shown in later chapters its rate is governed largely by meteorological factors.

The Water Balance

Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) are increasingly used by ecologists to project species potential future distribution. However, the application of such models may be challenging, and some caveats have already been identified. While studies have generally shown that projections may be sensitive to the ENM applied or the emission scenario, to name just a few, the sensitivity of ENM-based scenarios to General Circulation Models (GCMs) has been often underappreciated. Here, using a multi-GCM and multi-emission scenario approach, we evaluated the variability in projected distributions under future climate conditions. We modeled the ecological realized niche (sensu Hutchinson) and predicted the baseline distribution of species with contrasting spatial patterns and representative of two major functional groups of European trees: the dwarf birch and the sweet chestnut. Their future distributions were then projected onto future climatic conditions derived from seven GCMs and four emissions scenarios using the new Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 report. Uncertainties arising from GCMs and those resulting from emissions scenarios were quantified and compared. Our study reveals that scenarios of future species distribution exhibit broad differences, depending not only on emissions scenarios but also on GCMs. We found that the between-GCM variability was greater than the between-RCP variability for the next decades and both types of variability reached a similar level at the end of this century. Our result highlights that a combined multi-GCM and multi-RCP approach is needed to better consider potential trajectories and uncertainties in future species distributions. In all cases, between-GCM variability increases with the level of warming, and if nothing is done to alleviate global warming, future species spatial distribution may become more and more difficult to anticipate. When future species spatial distributions are examined, we propose to use a large number of GCMs and RCPs to better anticipate potential trajectories and quantify uncertainties.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.1411

Uncertainties in the projection of species distributions related to general circulation models.

One aspect of this invention embodies a method of messaging upon a network involving at least one physician, at least one patient and a workflow engine. Each physician operates a computer from time to time capable of receiving and sending messages upon the network at a corresponding address on the network. Each patient operates a computer from time to time capable of receiving and sending messages upon the network at a corresponding address on the network. The workflow engine accesses the network for receiving and sending messages upon the network at a workflow engine address on the network. The method comprises using a first medical message wizard by the patient on the patient operated computer, a medical profiler process performed by the workflow engine and a second medical message wizard by the first physician on the physician operated computer at the first corresponding physician address.

A message and program system supporting communication

Modelling and mapping beech forest distribution and site productivity under different climate change scenarios in the Cantabrian Range (North-western Spain)

Ecological behaviour and productive capacity of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) coppice stands are key factors in predicting forest growth and subsequent management decision, especially in areas where timber production is the primary objective. The effects of soil nutrients and environmental factors on site productivity in chestnut coppice stands in North-West Spain were studied. Site productivity described by site index was related to environmental characteristics, including edaphic, physiographic and climatic variables. The key factors affecting site productivity were evaluated according to two different statistical analyses: the CHAID procedure and parametric regression techniques. The CHAID algorithm applied separately to each type of variable revealed that the most important to explain SI were edaphic (sand and clay percentage, pH, stoniness) and climatic variables (summer and spring precipitation and mean annual temperature) (24 and 47 %, respectively). According to the regression tree and the parametric regression model for all variables, summer precipitation was the most significant variable (51 and 53 %, respectively). The results show the importance of climatic variables for chestnut coppice stands growth and provide further information about the ecology of the species in North-West Spain. The use of specimens from sites representing a wide range of habitats/growing conditions of this species means that both the results and methodology described here are of great relevance for improving the management of this species throughout its European range.

Effects of soil nutrients and environmental factors on site productivity in Castanea sativa Mill. coppice stands in NW Spain

Se han establecido los valores parametricos optimos y marginales que definen los habitats fisiografico, climatico y edafico de las masas de Castanea sativa Miller en Cataluna. Asi, se ha podido comprobar que la mayoria de los castanares catalanes se hallan sobre suelos formados a partir de rocas igneas, y en ellos predominan las texturas franco-arenosas. Los suelos, segun FAO, son mayoritariamente cambisoles. Aunque la capacidad de retencion de agua de estos suelos es escasa, la sequia fisiologica esta muy reducida. Los humus fundamentalmente pertenecen al tipo mull forestal, a pesar la elevada acidez. Ademas, se han elaborado una serie de parametros selvicolas que al correlacionarlos con los ecologicos nos ha permitido comprobar que los mejores castanares se encuentran entorno a los 750 m de altitud, con precipitaciones de primavera cercanas a 240 mm, temperaturas medias anuales sobre 11,5o C y temperaturas medias del mes mas calido proximas a 20o C.

Autoecologia de los castañares catalanes

Este estudio esta basado en el muestreo de campo y posterior analisis de 24 parcelas de hayedo seleccionadas mediante una estratificacion de su area de distribucion basada en la clasificacion CLATERES de la Ecorregion Catalano-Aragonesa. En cada parcela se han evaluado 3 parametros fisiograficos, 15 climaticos y 18 edaficos, a partir de los cuales se han establecido sus valores parametricos centrales y marginales que permiten definir los habitats fisiografico, climatico y edafico de las masas de Fagus sylvatica L. en Cataluna. Los hayedos catalanes se presentan sobre substratos litologicos muy diversos (plutonitas, vulcanitas, metamorfitas y sedimentitas, tanto acidas como basicas), con texturas predominantes francas, franco-arenosas o franco-limosas. Los suelos, segun FAO, son mayoritariamente cambisoles. A pesar de que la capacidad de retencion de agua de sus suelos es escasa, la sequia fisiologica es reducida. Los humus predominantemente pertenecen a los tipos mull forestal y mull calcico. Ademas, se presentan una serie de parametros selvicolas ( Densidad de pies y densidad de chirpiales, Area basimetrica, Altura Total dominante, Indices de Hart-Becking, Indice de Calidad de Estacion y Edad de la masa) que al correlacionarlos con los ecologicos nos ha permitido comprobar que los mejores hayedos se encuentran en las localizaciones mas termicas, en las que incluso se podria producir sequia fisiologica si no fuera por que existen suficientes precipitaciones estivales.

/pdf/autoecologia-de-los-hayedos-catalanes-fzs9cbofnv.pdf

Autoecología de los hayedos catalanes

Providing appropriate medical assistance in catastrophes is not an easy problem to cope with. Some of the problems involved in the task are the diversity of catastrophes and medical emergencies, the insufficient number of experts usually available during a given catastrophe, the necessity of improving medical performace time, and the lack of coordination of the resources that may be used. In this respect, the application of both communication and computer technologies may provide important and useful support in most of the different phases involved in the management of catastrophes. In this paper we describe “MESTRIMAN,” an expert system designed to provide medical assistance in catastrophes. “MESTRIMAN” is a module of SIAC, a computer system designed to manage relevant information and data about a wide range of different catastrophes and capable of performing as the central coordinator of the available resources.

MESTRIMAN: An expert system for medical triage and clinical management of patients in catastrophes

This paper is focused on the soil characterisation of forest sites where Castanea sativa wood stands are located in Catalonia (NE of Spain) as a former and essential requirement to future afforestation programs with this species. From 28 sample plots field survey, several soil indexes have been calculated and, their central and marginal values have been established, defining a range of soil conditions where this species can successfully live in Catalonia. So, we can see that soils are developed on acid bedrock as parent material, basically igneous rocks such as granodiorite and granite, but they occur on schist as well. Their predominant texture is loamy-sand. Soils have low water holding capacity, mainly due to their high stoniness and steep slopes. Nevertheless, regular rainfall distribution all year around, avoids meteorological drought as well as reduces physiological drought. Annual rainfall distribution and steep slopes are responsible for the dwarf development of argic horizons. Soils are relatively poor in organic matter, and despite being generally very acid they have forest mull humus forms.

Soil evaluation for Castanea sativa afforestation in Northeastern Spain

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Autoecologia de los castañares catalanes

Autoecología de los hayedos catalanes

MESTRIMAN: An expert system for medical triage and clinical management of patients in catastrophes

Soil evaluation for Castanea sativa afforestation in Northeastern Spain