On waveform distortion in the frequency range of 2 kHz–150 kHz—Review and research challenges

Variable-speed wind turbines inject harmonic currents in the network, which may potentially create voltage distortion problems. In this paper, a case study is presented for a 10-MW wind farm, intended to be connected to a network with extended high-voltage submarine cable lines. First, the system modeling approach and the harmonic load-flow calculation is described. Then, the harmonic impedance of the system is calculated for a variety of configurations and operating conditions, and its main characteristics are discussed. Harmonic load-flow calculations are provided to indicate potential voltage distortion problems. A simplified methodology, suggested in relevant IEC publications, is applied to the system and its results are compared to those of the harmonic load flow. A discussion on the summation of harmonic currents within a wind farm is also included

Harmonic analysis in a power system with wind generation

For reasonable power quality assessment of transient disturbances in electric power systems, new transient power quality indices are developed based on a signal processing technique, time-frequency analysis. Based on the time-frequency distribution of a transient disturbance, a set of time-frequency based power quality indices are developed. In this paper, the instantaneous disturbance energy ratio, normalized instantaneous disturbance energy ratio, instantaneous frequency, and instantaneous K-factor are suggested for transient power quality assessment. Time-frequency based power quality indices allow one to quantify the effects of transient disturbances with high-resolution and accuracy.

Power quality indices for transient disturbances

Harmonics and interharmonics may introduce operational problems in electrical and electronic equipment. Therefore, monitoring harmonics/interharmonics for improving the power quality is of importance for both electric utilities and their customers. In this paper, a cascaded two-stage adaptive linear element (ADALINE) structure for both harmonics and interharmonics measurement is proposed. In addition, a simple laboratory setup implemented by MATLAB and the dedicated hardware for measuring power signals is built to verify the performance of proposed method. Results are compared with those obtained by short-time Fourier transform and two other conventional ADALINE-based methods. It shows that the proposed method is with a better accuracy, even if the power frequency deviation and interharmonic components are present in the measured signal. The proposed method also can be adopted for harmonic/interharmonic compensation devices in real time.

A Two-Stage ADALINE for Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurement

The proliferation of power-electronic-based residential loads has resulted in significant harmonic distortion in the voltages and currents of residential distribution systems. There is an urgent need for techniques that can determine the collective harmonic impact of these modern residential loads. These techniques can be used, for example, to predict the harmonic effects of mass adoption of compact fluorescent lights. In response to the need, this paper proposes a bottom-up, probabilistic harmonic assessment technique for residential feeders. The method models the random harmonic injections of residential loads by simulating their random operating states. This is performed by determining the switching-on probability of a residential load based on the load research results. The result is a randomly varying harmonic equivalent circuit representing a residential house. By combining multiple residential houses supplied with a service transformer, a probabilistic model for service transformers is also derived. Measurement results have confirmed the validity of the proposed technique. The proposed model is ideally suited for studying the consequences of consumer behavior or regulatory policy changes.

Assessing the Collective Harmonic Impact of Modern Residential Loads—Part I: Methodology

This paper represents the second part of a two-part article reviewing the state-of-the-art of probabilistic aspects of harmonics in electric power systems. It includes tools for calculating probabilities of rectangular and phasor components of individual as well as multiple harmonic sources. A procedure for determining the statistical distribution of voltages resulting from dispersed and random current sources is reviewed. Some applications of statistical representation of harmonics are also discussed.

Time-Varying Harmonics: Part II-Harmonic Summation and Propagation

The paper deals with Gaussian modeling of harmonic vectors in power systems. Starting from the bivariate Gaussian distribution of the vector resolved components, the univariate magnitude and phase densities are presented both in closed form solutions, which apply when opportune hypotheses are verified, and by more general empirical models. Reference is made to the results shown in relevant literature also concerning the problem of Cartesian axes rotation to reduce to zero the resolved components correlation coefficient. For the phase distribution a new expression is reported. Applications to both numerical case studies and field measurements on an Italian medium voltage network node are reported allowing comparison among different distributions.

Gaussian modeling of harmonic vectors in power systems

This paper represents the second part of a two-part article reviewing the state of the art of probabilistic aspects of harmonics in electric power systems. It includes tools for calculating probabilities of rectangular and phasor components of individual as well as multiple harmonic sources. A procedure for determining the statistical distribution of voltages resulting from dispersed and random current sources is reviewed. Some applications of statistical representation of harmonics are also discussed.

Time-varying harmonics. II. Harmonic summation and propagation

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Time-Varying Harmonics: Part II-Harmonic Summation and Propagation

Gaussian modeling of harmonic vectors in power systems

Time-varying harmonics. II. Harmonic summation and propagation