The polarization properties of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) subject to optical feedback are studied experimentally. It is thereby demonstrated that polarization-selective optical feedback can be utilized to entirely eliminate VCSEL polarization switching over the entire device operating range.

Suppression of polarization switching in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers by use of optical feedback

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are as sensitive to optical feedback (OF) as edge-emitting lasers as their much higher mirror reflectivity is compensated by the much smaller intracavity round-trip time resulting in a similar OF rate. VCSELs may emit light in multiple transverse modes and may exhibit polarization bistability which adds new features to their behavior when subject to OF. We present a survey on experimental and modeling results for three regimes of OF in VCSELs: long, short, and extremely short external cavities (ECs). We show that for long and short ECs, the Lang-Kobayashi model is in good agreement with experiments on OF-induced polarization switching, mode hopping, and antiphase oscillatory dynamics at the delay time. These last dynamics modify polarization residence-time distribution making it oscillatory. We demonstrate numerically and experimentally coherence resonance in such bistable, time-delayed optical system. We present results on low-frequency fluctuation and pulse-package dynamics in VCSELs and discuss the role of light polarization. We discuss polarization rotating OF for generating high-frequency pulses as a result of EC mode beating. Finally, we demonstrate how OF from extremely short EC can strongly modify VCSEL characteristics and can be used to effectively control their polarization properties by subwavelength changes of the EC length.

Optical Feedback in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

We study theoretically the effect of isotropic and polarization-selective optical feedback on the polarization switching of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. We use the framework of the spin-flip model that takes into account the spin degree of freedom of carriers in the semiconductor quantum well. We analyze the polarization switching dynamics for different values of the spin relaxation rate and find a good agreement with recent experimental results . We also study the influence of the external cavity length and find different dynamical behaviors for short and long external cavities.

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Influence of optical feedback on the polarization switching of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Polarization bistability in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) subject to optical feedback has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Optical feedback is shown to reduce the width of the bistability hysteresis loop and, hence, suppress the bistability. It is also demonstrated experimentally that polarization-selective optical feedback can be utilized to eliminate VCSEL polarization switching without inducing instabilities in the device.

Investigation of polarization bistability in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers subjected to optical feedback

A two modes rate equation model for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) subject to optical feedback from an extremely short external cavity (ESEC) is presented. By making use of it we develop a map of bistability to investigate the parametric dependence of polarization properties of VCSELs in such configuration, finding out a periodic dependence of the polarization switching (PS) currents on the ESEC length. By increasing the external mirror reflectivity we can make this periodic dependence stronger and strongly asymmetric providing the possibility to prevent PS for any injection current achieving polarization stabilization in VCSELs. Further numerical simulations with isotropic and non isotropic feedback show how parameters as the compression coefficients, the frequency splitting between the linearly polarized (LP) modes, the differential gain and the top mirror reflection coefficient, affect the map of bistability.

Investigation of polarization properties of VCSELs subject to optical feedback from an extremely short external cavity-part I: theoretical analysis

Experiments are described that show that polarization of light in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser subjected to isotropic optical feedback can jump regularly back and forth between two orthogonal states when the injection current is increased. The polarization-resolved light-current characteristic curves are thus channeled. This effect occurs when the dichroism of the laser is weak enough to allow the effective (isotropic) reflectance to impose the polarization. A comparison of a model introduced by San Miguel [Phys. Rev. A52, 1728 (1995)] and the standard equations indicates that the best description is given when no spin relaxation is included.

Switching between polarized modes of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser by isotropic optical feedback

We study a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with external feedback through a quarter-wavelength plate. We show that the effect of a rotation of the quarter-wavelength plate is to shift one comb of modes with respect to the other one. The dependence of the frequency on the rotation angle is calculated and shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.

Surface-emitting lasers coupled to external cavities with a phase plate: dependence on the orientation of the plate axes

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Switching between polarized modes of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser by isotropic optical feedback

Surface-emitting lasers coupled to external cavities with a phase plate: dependence on the orientation of the plate axes